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________________ aparAdhavRtti evaM jaina dRSTikoNa se sambaddha eka Adhunika zodha kArya kI rUparekhA DaoN0 rameza bhAI lAlana "hahA jIvana vyavahAra meM uttarottara bar3hatI huI aparAdhavRtti se na kevala ArakSaka-gaNa (pulisa), daNDAdhikArI, lokasabhA sadasya, gRhamaMtrI, samAjazAstrI, zikSAzAstrI aura aparAdhazAstrI hI ciMtita haiM, kintu samagra vizva ke jana sAmAnya bhI apane Apako asurakSita mAnakara AtaMkita mahasUsa kara rahe haiN| mano-cikitsaka (psychiatist) probezana-Aphisara, rIhebIlITezana Aphisara, kArAgRha ke adhikArI, dhArAzAstrI aura nyAyAdhIzoM kI sevA bar3I kImata cukAkara aparAdhI ko daNDita karane yA sudhArane ke lie lI jA rahI hai| prANa-daNDa, dravya-daNDa, kArAvAsa, tar3IpAra (har3apAra) Adi prayogoM se jaba aparAdhavRtti kA niyaMtraNa nahIM ho rahA hai taba lagatA hai jarUra aparAdhanivAraNa ke lie aparAdha ke asalI kAraNoM ko jAMcA jAya / tIrthaMkara, kevali-bhagavAn, sthavira, bahuzruta AcArya jaina dharma meM itane prabhAvaka hue haiM ki bauddha dharmagranthoM meM ullekha milatA hai ki nirganthoM ke anuyAyIgaNa cora, DAkU, luTeroM aura hatyAroM meM se the| vyakti ko pUrvabhava kI ghaTanAoM kA smaraNa karAke usameM jAtismaraNajJAna paidA hone para sahaja hI vaha udyata hotA thA, pApAcaraNa kA pratyAkhyAna karane ko, aparAdhamaya jIvana ko samApta kara ugra tapasyA svIkAra karane ko aura yathAzakti mahAvrata aura aNuvratoM ko svIkAra karane ko| vrata aMgIkAra kiye binA ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa ko caritArtha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| jaina dharma aura jaina samAja meM vrata (saMvara) ko anUThA sthAna milA hai| vaha svacchaMdatA ko rokatA hai| vinaya ko panapAtA hai| aparAdha-sthAnoM se bacAtA hai aura jIvana ko pAvana karatA hai / DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhyAya yahAM taka kahate haiM ki jo aNuvratoM kA pAlana karatA hai use bhAratIya daNDasaMhitA se ghabarAne kI koI jarUrata nhiiN| aisA bhI nahIM ki vratadhArI kabhI aparAdha hI nahIM karatA lekina jo bhI doSa yA skhalana vratadhArI karatA hai use vaha prAyazcita ke dvArA guru ke samIpa AlocanApUrvaka nivedana karake sudhAra letA hai aura vrata meM susthira hotA hai| jaina dharma aura samAja kI vratoccAraNa-vidhi aura prAyazcita-vidhi apane rASTra kI nahIM apitu samUce vizva kI aparAdhavRtti ko nirmUla karane meM sahAyaka bana sakatI hai / isI viSaya ko lekara eka zodha-prabandha, 'Penology and Jain Scriptures' (daNDanIti aura jaina Agama) ko bambaI vidyApITha se 1980 meM pI0 eca0 DI0 ke lie mAnyatA milI hai| isa zodha-prabandha kA lakSya hai jaina dhArmika philaoNsaphI va samAjavijJAna ke aMgabhUta aparAdhazAstra kA samanvaya karane kA prayAsamAtra / nibandha kI bhUmikA meM daNDanIti kA maulika svarUpa, arvAcIna rUparekhA aura apekSita parivartana ko lakSya meM rakhate hue sarvagrAhya navIna vyAkhyA daNDanIti kI dI gaI hai--'aparAdha ke mukAbale kI vyUha racanA / ' daNDa kA hetu hai sajA dvArA vyakti meM sudhAra ho aura samAja kI surakSA banI rhe| aparAdhazAstriyoM ne manovijJAna ke prakAza meM aparAdhI ko rugNa vyakti batAte hue isa bAta para jora diyA hai ki use jarUrata hai manocikitsA kI, na ki sajA kii| samAjavAdI vicAradhArA meM vyakti ko gauNa mAnakara samAja racanA ko jabAbadAra ThaharAne kA 1. suttanipAta, majjimanikAya, pAlI mUlavyasanakama, cUladukkhakhaMdhasuttam 14-2,2 pR0 126-131 2.Callette Caillat, A. N. Upadhye & Bal, Publ, Jainism', 1975, pR068-66 3. draSTavya, jana jarnala vaimAsika, bhAga 15, aMka 2, akTUbara, 1980, pR062 24 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ prayatna huA hai, aura isane pratipAdana kiyA hai naI samAja punarracanA kA jisameM kisI bhI vyakti ko aparAdha karane kA maukA hI mila na paaye| samAjavAdI siddhAnta kI kamI ko mahasUsa karate hue aparAdhazAstriyoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki unhoMne aparAdha aura AtmA ke bAre meM socA taka bhI nahIM hai| isa kabulAta kI bhittI para prastuta nibandha kI racanA meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki aparAdha aura AtmA ke bAre meM saMzodhana karane ke lie jainiyoM kA karmavAda-saMvaratattva' kahAM taka upayomI Thahara sakatA hai| nibandha ke pahale prakaraNa meM daNDanIti ke bAre meM jaina Agama sAhitya meM kahAM-kahAM srota milate haiM---usakI carcA karate hue zvetAmbara-digambara granthoM kI ora aMgulinirdeza kiyA gayA hai| isa bAta para jora diyA gayA hai ki bhautikazAstra va samAja vijJAna ke lie jaina Agama-sAhitya kA maMthana karane kA ucita samaya aba hai| nibandha ke dUsare prakaraNa meM daNDanIti kA udgama aura vikAsa ke bAre meM jaina mAnyatA ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jisameM kulakaroM ke kAla se prasthApita 'hA' kAra, 'mA' kAra, aura dhikkAra nIti se Age calakara paribhASaka, maMDalabaMdha, baMdha aura ghAta kA prAdurbhAva kaise huaa| bhagavAna AdinAtha pradatta cAra daNDanItiyoM meM bharatacakravartI mahArAja ne 'cAraka' Adi kA pravartana kara kaise saMzodhana kiyaa| somadevasUri ke nItivAkyAmRtam taka kA vikAsa isa prakaraNa meM batAyA gayA hai| nibandha ke tIsare prakaraNa meM bhagavAna AdinAtha se lekara bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI taka kA kAla jo ki prAga-aitihAsika kAla mAnA jAtA hai aura paurANika kAla ke nAma se bhI pukArA jAtA hai, usa kAla ke sandarbha meM daNDanIti ke bAre meM jaina purANoM se ullekha lie gaye haiN| tIrthakara, cakravartI, vAsudeva aura mahApuruSoM ke jIvanacaritra koI kalpanA nahIM hai / inake nAmollekha va bhinna rUpa se caritra arjana purANoM meM bhI prastuta hone ke kAraNa pramANabhUta haiM / isa kAlAvadhi meM, upAlambha se lekara mRtyudaNDa taka kI sajAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| nibandha ke cauthe prakaraNa meM daNDanItiparaka AgamakathAeM aura dRSTAntoM kA jikra hai| pracura sAhitya se kucha cunakara udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiM jo daNDanItiparaka hote hue karmavAda kI ora iMgita karate haiN| kathA meM upakathAeM-yaha jainiyoM kI viziSTalAkSaNikatA hai jisameM pAtra ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM ko bhavabhavyaMtara meM kiye hue kucha-eka kArya se saMkalita kara karma kI sattA kA nidarzana karAyA gayA hai| nibandha ke pAMcaveM prakaraNa meM daNDa ke svarUpa aura prakAra kA vivecana hai jo jaina Agama-granthoM meM ullikhita hai| dRDi-bandha, nigaDa hatthudaya, aMdubaMdha, bAla-rajjuka, kudaMDa, paraTTa, lohasaMkula, paMcapaTTa, dAmaka Adi 50 se adhika daNDa ke prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| nAraka jIvoM kI yAtanA aura kArAgRhavAsa kI yAtanAoM ke sAmya ko najaraMdAja nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| caurAsI lakSa 'jIvayoniyoM meM paribhramaNa' ise hI sabase kar3I sajA mAnane vAle jainI kisI bhI jIva ko koI bhI aparAdha ke lie sajA kI himAyata nahIM karate haiN| narakAvAsa va kArAgaha kI yAtanAoM kA varNana lokasthiti aura lokavyavasthA ke dyotaka haiN| uddezya sirpha itanA hai ki ina varNanoM ko sunakara vyakti aparAdhoM kI ora, pApAcAra kI ora na mudd'eN| aura aparAdhavRti se apane ko bacAne kA prayatna kreN| nibandha ke chaThe prakaraNa meM aparAdha ke kAraNa aura karmavAda kI carcA hai| karmoM ke mukAbale kI vyUharacanA hI sahI jaina daNDanIti kI vyAkhyA hai| karma kA kyA svarUpa haiM, kauna se prakAra haiM, karma siddhAnta, karma ke niyama, karma kA nyAya, karmoM se AtmA kI mukti Adi viSaya para jisa sakSmatA se aura vaijJAnika paddhatiyoM se jainadharma meM vivecana hai, usakA pratibhAsa bhI anya dhArmika philAsaoNphiyoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| adhyavyavasAya, kaSAya, lezyA ke anurUpa karmabaMdha ke anubhAga (rasa) meM tIvratA-maMdatA kA honaa| Azrava tattva meM aparAdha ke mUla kAraNoM kI khoja / paMca samavAyakAraNa--kAla, svabhAva, karma, niyati aura udyama kA nirUpaNa / paramANuvAda, sApekSavAda, anekAntavAda, naya, vikSepa Adi ke prakAza meM aparAdhazAstrI karmavAda kA abhyAsa karake aparAdha ke mUla kAraNoM taka pahuMca sakate haiN| nibandha ke sAtaveM prakaraNa meM aparAdha nivAraNa meM 'saMvara-tattva' ke yogadAna kI carcA hai / pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA vyakti ke cAritrya-sudhAra meM dharma ke tattvoM ko dI gaI svIkRti / jaina dRSTi se dharma kI vyAkhyA / samyak darzana-jJAna-caritra rUpI mokSamArga kA vidhAna / dAna, zIla, bhAva aura tapa se dharma kI aaraadhnaa| jIvana ko zAnti, mukti, Arjava, mArdava, lAghava, akiMcanya, satya, saMyama, tapa aura brahmacarya kI ora mor3ane kA vidhAna / vyasanamukti, dezavirati, sarvavirati-aNuvrata aura mahAvratoM kA svarUpa va vivecana / chaha Avazyaka / samAja kI punarracanA yadi ahiMsA, anekAnta va aparigraha ke siddhAnta para kI jAye to aparAdha-nivAraNa jaisI koI samasyA hI na rhe| nibandha ke AThaveM prakaraNa meM daza prAyazcitoM kI carcA hai| jaina daNDanIti ke abhyAsa meM yaha sImAcihna rUpa haiM / prAyazcita kI hoDa, aparAdha ke nirAkaraNa aura citta kI vizuddhi hai / pazcAtApa ke kAraNa vyakti apane sUkSma aparAdha ke lie kar3I sajA sahane ko utsuka ho jAtA hai| jabaki rIr3hA gunAhagAra vyakti apane bar3e aparAdha ke lie kama-se-kama sajA se bhI chaTakane kI socatA hai yA to usa para kar3I sajA kA bhI koI asara nahIM dikhAI detA / vyakti kI aparAdhavRtti aura pazcAtApa kI bhAvanA ko lakSya meM rakhakara yogya daNDa yA prAyazcita denA 1. iyAna Telara, paoNla vaoNlTana aura jekayaMga, "da nyU krimanolaoNjI phaoNra e sosala thiyorI oNpha DevIyansa", landana, pR0 52 jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha
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________________ kaThina kAma hai / aparAdha kI gurutA-laghutA ke anurUpa daNDa aura prAyazcita diye jAte haiM / daNDa aura prAyazcita kA vyakti para kaisA prabhAva par3egA usakA pariNAma Adi kA abhyAsa karane ke bAda daNDa aura prAyazcita ke mApadaNDa kA nirdhAraNa karanA Avazyaka hai| prAyazcita dete samaya guru yA to AcArya gyAraha bAbanoM kA khyAla rakhate haiM : (1) dravya (2) kSetra (3) kAla (4) bhAva (5) kriyA (6) pariNAma (7) utsAha (8) saMghayaNa (9) paryAya (10) Agama aura (11) puruSArtha / prAyazcita dvArA zuddhikaraNa kI paddhati kA abhyAsa aparAdhazAstriyoM ke lie samAja ke vividha staroM para vidyArthI, kAmadAra, saMgaThanoM ke sabhya, Adi-Adi--- daNDa ke vikalpa meM prAyazcita ke prayogoM ko apanAne kI ora nirdeza kara sakatA hai| isa paddhati se sahI artha meM aparAdhanivAraNa ho sakatA hai| aura isakA gaharA AdhyAtmika mUlya bhI hai| nibandha ke naveM prakaraNa meM nibandha kI samAlocanA samAviSTa hai| daNDanIti aura jaina daNDanIti ke bheda cacita haiN| dhArmika philAsaoNphI aura samAja vijJAna kI ekatA va bhinnatA ko TaTolakara samanvaya kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai, yaha batAyA hai| dhArmika zikSaNa, zikSA, saMyama, prAmANikatA, naitikatA Adi kA rASTrIya cAritrya-nirmANa meM yogadAna samajhAyA hai| saMvara kA pATha hI aparAdha se vyakti aura samAja ko bacA skegaa| bhArata dharmanirapekSa rASTra hone ke kAraNa sabhI dharmoM ke AcAryoM para viziSTa jabAbadArI A par3I hai ki apane dharmasiddhAnta ke AdhAra para anuyAyiyoM kA caritra ujjvala aura vikasita ho, na ki rASTrIya nItimattA kA stara UMcA utthe|' - jaina saMskRti kA sandeza jaina saMskRti kI saMsAra ko jo sabase bar3I dena hai, vaha ahiMsA hai / ahiMsA kA yaha mahAn vicAra, jo Aja vizva kI zAnti kA sarvazreSTha sAdhana samajhA jAne lagA hai aura jisakI amogha zakti ke sammukha saMsAra kI samasta saMhAraka zaktiyAM kuNThita hotI dikhAI dene lagI haiM, eka dina jaina saMskRti ke mahAn unnAyakoM dvArA hI hiMsA kANDa meM lage hue saMsAra ke sAmane rakhA gayA thaa| ... jaina saMskRti ke mahAn saMskAraka antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne to rASTroM meM paraspara hone vAle yuddhoM kA hala bhI ahiMsA ke dvArA hI batalAyA hai / unakA Adarza hai ki pracAra ke dvArA vizva bhara meM pratyeka manuSya ke hRdaya meM yaha jaMcA do ki vaha sva meM hI santuSTa rahe, para kI ora AkRSTa hone kA kabhI bhI prayatna na kare / para kI ora AkRSTa hone kA artha hai ki dUsaroM ke sukha sAdhanoM ko dekhakara lAlAyita ho jAnA aura unheM chInane kA duHsAhasa karanA / jaba taka nadI apane pATa meM pravAhita hotI rahatI hai taba taka usase saMsAra ko lAbha hI lAbha hai, hAni kucha bhI nahIM / jyoMhi vaha apanI sImA se haTakara Asa-pAsa pradeza para adhikAra jamAtI hai, bAr3ha kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai to saMsAra meM hAhAkAra maca jAtA hai, pralaya kA dRzya A khar3A hotA hai| yahI dazA manuSyoM kI hai| jaba taka sabake saba manuSya apane sva meM hI pravAhita rahate haiM taba taka kucha azAnti nahIM, lar3AI-jhagar3A nahIM, azAnti aura saMgharSa kA vAtAvaraNa nahIM paidA hotA hai| jahAM manuSya sva se bAhara phailanA zurU karatA hai, dUsaroM ke adhikAroM ko kucalatA hai, dUsaroM ke jIvanopayogI sAdhanoM para kabjA jamAne lagatA hai, vahAM saMgharSa, IrSyA, dveSa aura kalaha panapane lagate haiN| -AcAryaratna, zrI dezabhUSaNa upadezasArasaMgraha, bhAga-6, dillI, vIra ni0 saM0 2460, pR0 165-66 se uddhRta 1. nibandha kI bhUmikA aura samAlocanA ke lie draSTavya-'tulasI prajJA',jaina vidyA-pariSad pariziSTAMka, rUNDa 6, aMka 12, pR028, mArca, 1981 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha