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________________ DaoN mahendra bhAnAvata rAjadhAniyoM meM baiThakara sarakAra aura gaira sarakArI ucca saMsthAoM ke lie pariyojanAeM taiyAra karate samaya ucca padastha adhikArI sarva sAmAnya taka apanI bAta pahuMcAne ke jo spapna saMjote haiM ve sarvaprathama pAramparika lokamAdhyamoM para hI dRSTi nikSepa karate haiM, kyoMki zaharI aura abhijAtya athavA madhyavargIya parivAroM taka to Adhunika mAdhyamoM se bAta pahuMca jAtI hai kintu AdhArabhUta suvidhAoM ke abhAva meM jIvana jIne vAle logoM taka apanI bAta pahuMcAne ke lie hara kSetra ke apane apane AMcalika loka mAdhyamoM kA sahArA lenA par3atA hai| . loka mAdhyamoM kA vargIkaraNa yUM to pahale ke hara kSetra meM apane apane loka mAdhyama hai jinake sAtha jahAM AMcalika paramparA jur3I hotI hai vahIM AMcalika bhASA, aMcala janya utpAdoM se saje mar3he vAdya hote haiM aura phira ve usa aMcala ke loka jIvana kI apanI pasanda bhI hote haiM tathApi unakA mUla svarUpa yA mUla lakSya eka hI hotA hai| lakSya aura uddezya ke anusAra pAramparika lokamAdhyamoM ke tIna svarUpa hai - loka mAdhyama : 1) sUcanAtmaka janazikSaNa aura cunautiyA~ - 2) zikSAtmaka 3) anuraMjanAtmaka bhArata paramparAoM kA deza hai aura yahAM kI paramparAeM loka mAdhyamoM ke pratyeka rUpAnurUpa ke sAtha cAhe ve manuSya ke viveka ke udbhava athavA sabhyatA ke AdikAla se rAmalIlA ho. rAsalIlA ho. mAca. tamAzA. gavarI. jur3I huI haiN| yahAM ke samAja kI pahacAna Aja bhI caviDDanATakam, bhavAI, jAtrA, khyAla, yakSagAna, kaThaputalI, paramparAdharmI samAja ke rUpa meM hai| loka ne jise apanI bhagata, terukuttu, ramakheliyA, goMdhala, bhAgavatamela, videziyA, paripATI kahA, zAstroM ne use apane viziSTa sampradAyoM ke muTiyATTama, kariyAlA, aMkiyA, nauTaMkI, kuravaMji, svAMga sAtha jor3ate hue maryAdA kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyaa| svadA bhAMDapathara ho athavA loka mAdhyamoM kA aura koI rUpa loka paramparA ke saMvAhaka ke rUpa meM loka kI hI ho, unake sAtha sUcanA zikSA aura anuraMjana uddezyoM kA pAramparika vidhiyAM rahI haiM jinheM loka mAdhyamoM ke rUpa meM nihitArtha vyApta milatA hai| dekhA jA sakatA hai| Aja loka mAdhyama cAhe jisa navIkRta ye pAramparika lokamAdhyama eka prakAra se kisI aMcala rUpa meM hamAre sAmane ho lekina pAramparika loka mAdhyama kI rasavaMtI kalAoM kA mAdhurya lie hote haiN| ye kahIM samUha unake mUlAdhAra rahe haiN| loka jIvana ina mAdhyamoM se aura samunnata milate haiM to kahIM hAsyabhAva bhI inameM dekhA sAmpradAyika samparka hI nahIM, sAmudAyika saMvAda aura jAtA jAtA hai| ye mAdhyama loka kI saMjIvanI haiN| kaI bAra loka no kI jItatI hai| nA, sAmudAyika saha-zikSaNa bhI prApta karatA hai| kI yaha dharohara loka ko punarjIvita karatI hai to kaI bAra loka ne ina mAdhyamoM ko anuraMjanaparaka AvaraNa dekara loka inheM zrIhIna hone se bacAtA hai| unheM cirasthAyI banA diyA hai| yadyapi Aja ye mAdhyama loka ke ye mAdhyama kahIM AlhAdaka hote haiM to kahIM AdhanikatA kA saMkaTa jhela rahe haiM lekina dehAta meM aba bhI anAlhAdaka bhI kintu ye zAstrIya anuSThAtika jaTila cakroM apanI virAsata ko mahattvavAna banAye hue haiN| dehAtavAsI Aja se alaga-alaga apanI loka pagaDaNDI para hI anavarata najara kI upagrahIya saMcAra aura sampreSaNa praNAlI se anabhijJa haiN| Ate haiN| ina mAdhyamoM kI kacha vizeSatAeM bhI haiM - vidvat khaNDa/36 zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka
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________________ 1) ye lokabhASA para AdhArita hote haiN| 2) loka kI apanI samajha aura stara ke samAnAntara calate haiN| 3) lokoktiyoM ke sahAre ye apanA vikAsa karate haiM aura kaI bAra sUtra zailI meM bhI apanI yAtrA karate haiN| 4) loga saMgraha yA lokarAdhanA inakA prANika AdhArita bhArata ke pramukha pAramparika loga mAdhyama cAhe ve abhineya, pradarzanAtmaka yA geya athavA kathanAtmaka hoM, mukhya rUpa se nimna haiM - 1) lokakathA 2) lokanATya 3) lokanRtya 4) lokagIta lokakathA lokakathA vaha hai jo paramparA se calI AI hai| vaha tathyAtmaka bhI ho sakatI hai aura kathyAtmaka bhii| yUM to Adima yuga se mAnava ne apanI anubhUtiyoM ko kathA ke rUpa meM athavA rUpaka bAMdhakara samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| zAstroM meM aisI kathAoM ke kaI rUpaka milate bhI haiM kintu zAstroM meM bhI bArambAra loka kI mahimA kara apane se adhika mahattva loka ko diyA hai aura vahAM zruta paramparA athavA purovAkya ke rUpa meM itihAsa purANa kI yukti kA milanA lokakathA paramparA kI samRddhi ko hI darzAtA hai| isa prakAra kathAbhivyakti tIna rUpoM meM najara AtI hai - 1) kathA rUpakAtmaka 2) paurANika 3) lokakathAtmaka athavA lokakaMTha para jiivNtetihy| bhArata meM lokakathAeM mukhya rUpa se dhArmika vikAsa, vrata anuSThAna, praNabaddhatA aura bhaya aura kautuka ke sAtha-sAtha rahasya romAMca kI smaraNIyatA ke sAtha rasAvayavoM ko lekara kAla ke pravAha meM jIvaMta rahI haiN| ye hI kathAeM pAramparika mithaka, avadAna, caritra varNana, saMskArArambha, per3a prakRti vIrAkhyAna Adi ke rUpa meM bhI apanA AkAra darzAtI haiN| yahAM pAramparika kathAkAra rahe haiM jinhoMne apanI nirAlI paramparA ko jIvana diyA hai| rAjasthAna meM kathakkar3oM yA bAtapozI kI paramparA dekhane ko milatI hai| yahAM rANIgaMgA, rAva, bhATa, cAraNa sahita rAvala, motIsara, bar3avA, DhAdI, nagAracI, saragar3A, vIrama Adi samudAyoM meM jajamAnoM ko kahAnI dvArA rijhAkara unase yatheSTa nega prApta karane kI paramparA rahI hai| ye kahAniyAM kautuka abhivardhana karane vAlI tathA itanI sajIva aura jAnadAra hotI haiM ki rasika ko sadaiva adhIra banAye rakhatI haiN| yahAM kathA ko keNI, vArtA, bAta Adi bhI kahA jAtA hai| yahAM kathAoM ke kahane ke cAra rUpa dekhane ko milate haiM - 1) kathAsthala 2) kathAvAcana 3) kathA gAyaka. 4) kathA mrtn| kathAoM ke sAtha huMkAre kI bhI apanI mahimA hai| loka mAdhyamoM meM hUMkArA athavA sajIvatA kI sahamati vaha rUpa haiM jo tatkAla sampreSaNIyatA kI pratikriyA aura kathya-tathya kI puSTi kA pratIka haiN| yaha kisI bhI Adhunika mAdhyamoM meM saMbhava nahIM haiM phira hUMkAre kI ye paramparAeM itanI sajIva aura jIvana se naikaTya lie hotI haiM ki unameM tAtkAlika samajha aura svIkArokti prastotAoM ke lie pRSThapoSaNa kA kArya bhI karatI haiN| lokathAoM ke sAtha hI lokagAthAoM kA bhI apanA mahattva hai jo eka prakAra se loka kA prabandha kAvya hai| inameM bhI lokamAnasIya pravRttiyAM, loka ke Adarza kA nirUpaNa svAbhAvika pravAha to hotA hI hai sAtha hI sAtha caritra nAyaka kI jIvana kathA, geyatA meM paramparita hotI haiN| ye eka prakAra se jAtIya saMskRti kA anubhava citra prastuta karatI haiN| pavAr3A bhI isI kA eka rUpa hai| lokanATya lokajIvana meM janma lekara loka ko zikSita-prazikSita karane, lokodvAra athavA loka ke lie Adarzaparaka kArya karane vAle nAyakoM ke caritra kA kathAtmaka citraNa to hotA hI hai, usakA maMcana bhI hotA AyA hai| loka kI yaha viziSTa thAtI hai ki usameM paurANika pAtroM se lekara vibhinna yugoM meM janma lekara apane caritroM se apane zreSTha upalabdhimUlaka Adarzaparaka kAryoM se apanI amiTa chApa kAyama karanevAle caritroM kI nATyapatra prastutiyAM hotI AI haiN| loka jIvana unheM apane DhaMga se maMcita karatA hai| loka kA apanA maMca hai loka ke apane hI kalAkAra usako maMcita karate haiN| ina lokanATyoM kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki darzakoM meM se hI kaI bAra pAtra ubharakara Ate haiM aura apane anubhava ko darzA jAte haiN| zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka vidvat khaNDa/37
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________________ ye lokanATya sarvasAdhAraNa ke jIvana se apanA sambandha sampreSaNa mAdhyama ke rUpa meM mAnava zarIra ke upayoga kI rakhate haiM aura manoraMjana ke sAtha hI janazikSaNa kA kArya bhI prAcInatama kalA bhii| inakI prastuti meM sAmAjika jIvana kI karate haiN| loka ke nATakoM kI yaha sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai mahattvapUrNa ghaTanAeM athavA mahatvapUrNa abhivyaktiyAM ujAgara ki ve durguNoM para sadguNoM kI vijaya kI abhivyakti hote hotI haiN| bhAvanAoM kI abhivyakti aura bhAvodreka ke lie haiM aura prAyaH sthApana isI phalirtA ke sAtha hotA hai| mAnava jIvana ko nRtya eka naisargika mAdhyama hai| yaha kisI eka lokanATakoM kI bhI apanI lokabhASA hai| inameM rUDhiyAM, vyakti kI upaja nahIM balki samaSTi kI saMracanA hai| sadiyoM pUrva lokAcAra, paripATiyAM, kathA-AkhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha vArtA manuSya apane Ananda maMgala ke kAraNa aMga bhaMgimAoM kA jo aura vizvAsa bhI saMvAda rUpa meM upasthita hote haiN| loka ke aniyojita pradarzana karatA rahA, vahI dhIre-dhIre Ayojana nATakoM kI yaha bhI eka viziSTatA hai ki unameM banAva aura niyojana ke sAtha lokanRtyoM ke rUpa meM sAmane aayaa| zrRMgAra ke mukAbale vAgAbhivyakti kI varIyatA hAsila hotI loka nRtyoM ke kaI rUpa haiM - hai| lokanATyoM ke kalAkAra vAgvidagdhatA tathA tAtkAlika 1) svAntasukhAya lokanRtya saMvAda sarjana evaM bAraskhalana meM dakSa hote haiM aura yaha bhI ati 2) AnuSThAnika lokanRtya vaiziSTya hai ki ve kahIM prazikSaNa prApta kiye nahIM hote haiN| 3) zrama sAdhya lokanRtya Aja ke nATyakarmI jahAM eka-eka saMvAda ko raTane athavA 4) sAmAjika lokanRtya DabiMga kA sahArA lete haiM, vahIM lokajIvana ke kalAkAra 5) manoraMjanAtmaka lokanRtya svayaMmeva siddha hote haiN| ina rUpoM ke bAvajUda lokanRtyoM ke lie yaha kahA jA rAjasthAna meM lokanATyoM ke mUlataH do rUpa hote haiM - sakatA hai ki unameM lokajIvana kI paramparA, usake saMskAra 1) laghu prahasana, jisameM rammata, bhavAI, rAvala, rAsadhArI, tathA janatA kA Atmika vizvAsa nihita hotA hai jise bAda helA, svAMga, maharaNa tathA bahurUpiyoM ke saMvAdI khyAla / meM AdhyAtmika vizvAsa kA nAma de diyA gyaa| ye lokanRtya lie jA sakate haiN| sAmUhika abhivyakti hote haiM aura sarvagamya tathA sarva 2) gItinATya, jisameM vaivAhika avasaroM para kiye jAne sulabhatA yogya sahajatA lie hote haiN| eka prakAra se ye vAle TUTiyAM ke khyAla, gavarI ke gItAdhArita khela, mAca lokanRtya sAmUhika anuraMjana ke sAtha-sAtha lokazikSaNa ke ke khela va anya khyAla zAmila haiN| bhI sazakta mAdhyama haiN| yahAM turrAkalaMgI ke khyAla, kucAmaNI khyAla, zekhAvATI rAjasthAna meM ghUmara, ghATAbanAr3A, paNihArI, terAtAlI, ke khyAla, mevAr3I khyAla, nauTaMkI ke khyAla, kalAbakSI gaNagaura, morabaMda, kAMgasiyA jaise nRtya gujarAta ke bhavAI, khyAla, kizanagar3hI khyAla, cir3AvI khyAla, kaThaputalI khyAla, DAMDiyA, garabArAsa, kazmIra ke rupha, vATTala, ghUmAla, bAMDa, hattharasI khyAla, gaMdharvo ke khyAla, nAgaurI khyAla, kar3A khyAla pAthera va mukhauTA nRtya, paMjAba ke bhAMgar3A, giddA, lUddI jhUmara evaM jhAr3azAhI khyAloM kI apanI viziSTa virAsata rahI hai| aura cInA, hariyANA ke DaMDA, chaThI, himAcala pradeza ke nATI, isI prakAra yahAM lIlAoM kI bhI apanI sudIrgha paramparA ghor3AyI, DAMgI, nATa, phurehI va pharATI, kinnaura ke boyAMgcU, dekhane ko milatI hai| sambhavata: ye lIlAeM dhArmika athavA gaddI, uttarapradeza ke cAMcarI, rasiyA, carakulA, rAsa, rAsaka, bhakti AndolanoM kI preraNAeM lie rahI haiM kyoMki inake mUla jhUlA, pherA, DAMgariyA Asana, raNAso, ur3IsA ke DaMDAnATa, meM deva athavA bhagavanta lIlAeM mukhya haiN| yahAM - rAmalIlA, lAgur3A, kelAkelUnI, ghaMTA paTuA, chAU va ghUmarA, pazcimI rAsalIlA, samakAlika lIlA, narasiMha lIlA, samayA, baMgAla ke gaMbhIrA, rAyabeza, DhAlI, jAtrA, pAlAgAna, asama ke rAsadhArI, garAsiyoM kI gaura lIlA, bhIloM kI zivalIlA bIhU, duliyA, bhaMvariyA va khuliyA, maNipura ke lAihArobA, athavA gavarI aadi| mAibA, rAsa, saMkIrtana ca caulama jaise kaI nRtya yaha batAte lokanRtya haiM ki loka jIvana ina nRtyoM ko eka sazakta mAdhyama ke rUpa lokanRtya loka mAdhyamoM kI dRSTi se sabase mahattvapUrNa hai| meM raMjana aura zikSaNa kA AdhAra banAye hae haiN| ye loka jIvana ke ullAsa kI sazakta abhivyakti hai aura vidvat khaNDa/38 zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka
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________________ dharma ke dharmagrantha Od Testament meM paigambara mojeja ne jina kro| jo tumheM zApa de use varadAna do, jo tumhArA burA kare, usakA dasa dharmAdezoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unameM chaThA dharmAdeza hai- bhalA kro|" IsA ke ina kathanoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki unhoMne "Thou shall not kill' arthAt 'tuma kisI ko mata maaro'| yahUdI dharma kI apekSA bhI ahiMsA para adhika bala diyA hai aura vastutaH yahUdI dharma meM na kevala hiMsA karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA, usake niSedhAtmaka pakSa ki 'hatyA mata karo' kI apekSA 'karuNA, . apitu prema, sevA aura paropakAra jaise ahiMsA ke vidhAyaka pakSoM para prema, sevA' Adi vidhAyaka pakSoM ko adhika mahatva diyA hai| bhI bala diyA gayA hai| islAma dharma meM kurAna ke prArambha meM Izvara (khudA) ke guNoM kA yahUdI dharma ke pazcAt IsAI dharma kA krama AtA hai| isa dharma ullekha karate hue use udAra aura dayAvAna (rahamAnurrahIma) kahA gayA ke prastotA haz2arata IsA mAne jAte haiN| yaha satya hai ki IsAmasIha hai| usameM binA kisI ucita kAraNa ke kisI ko mArane kA niSedha ne olDa TesTAmenTa meM varNita dasa dharmAdezoM ko svIkAra kiyA, kiyA gayA hai aura jo aisA karatA hai vaha IzvarIya niyama ke anusAra kintu mAtra itanA hI nahIM, unakI vyAkhyA meM unhoMne ahiMsA kI prANadaNDa kA bhAgI banatA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, usameM pazuoM ko kama avadhAraNA ko adhika vyApaka banAyA hai| ve kahate haiM- "pahale bhojana denA, una para kSamatA se adhika bojha lAdanA, savArI karanA aisA kahA gayA hai ki kisI kI hatyA mata karo..... lekina maiM Adi kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA hai, yahA~ taka ki hare per3oM ke kATane kahatA hU~ ki binA kisI kAraNa apane bhAI se nArAja mata hoo|" kI bhI sakhta manAhI kI gaI hai| isase itanA to spaSTa ho jAtA hai isase bhI eka kadama aura Age bar3hakara ve kahate haiM ki "yadi koI ki islAma dharma meM bhI ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko sthAna milA hai| tumhAre eka gAla para tamAcA mAra detA hai, to dUsarA gAla bhI usake isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki prAya: vizva ke sabhI pramukha dharmoM sAmane kara do|" purAnA dhamadiza kahatA hai- "par3osI se pyAra karo meM ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA upasthita hai| aura zatru se ghRNA karo", maiM tumase kahatA hU~ ki "zatru se bhI pyAra zikSA-eka yazasvI dazaka vidvata khaNDa/31