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________________ apabhraMza kathA-kAvyoMkI bhAratIya saMskRtiko dena DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla prAkRta bhASAke samAna apabhraMza bhASAko bhI saikar3oM varSoM taka bhAratakI lokabhASA athavA janabhASA hone kA saubhAgya milA / bhAratIya sAhityameM isakI lokapriyatAke saikar3oM udAharaNa upalabdha hote haiM / IstrI 6ThI zatAbdI pUrva hI apabhraMzakA khUba pracalana ho gayA thaa| saMskRta aura prAkRta ke sAtha apabhraMzakA bhI purANoM vyAkaraNoM tathA zilAlekhoM meM ullekha hone lagA thA / vaiyyAkaraNoMne prAkRta vyAkaraNoMmeM prAkRtake sAtha apabhraMzapara bhI khUba vicAra kiyA / prArambhameM yaha prAdezika boliyoMke rUpameM Age bar3hI / AThavIM zatAbdI taka yaha janabhASA ke sAtha-sAtha kAvya bhASA bhI bana gayI aura bar3e-bar3e kaviyoMkA isa bhASA meM kAvya- nirmANa karanekI ora dhyAna jAne lagA / yadyapi apabhraMza bhASA meM abhI taka svayambhUke pUrvakI koI racanA upalabdha nahIM ho sakI hai| lekina svayaM svayaMbhUne apane pUrvavartI evaM samakAlIna jina kaviyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai usase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa bhASA meM 8 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI kAvyaracanA hone lagI thI aura yahI nahIM use sAhityika kSetra meM samAdara bhI milane lagA thA / 8vIM zatAbdIke pazcAt to apabhraMza bhASAko kAvyaracanAke kSetrameM khUba protsAhana milA / dezake zAsaka varga, vyApArI varga evaM svAdhyAya premI janatAne apabhraMzake kaviyoMse kAvya nirmANa karanekA vizeSa Agraha kiyA / isase kaviyoMko Azrayake atirikta atyadhika sammAna bhI milane lagA aura isase isa bhASA meM kAvya, carita, kathA purANa evaM adhyAtma sAhitya khUba likhA gayA aura isI kAraNa uttarase dakSiNa taka tathA pUrvase pazcima takakI bhAratIya saMskRtiko ekarUpatA dene meM atyadhika sahAyatA milI / lekina 60 varSa pUrva taka adhikAMza vidvAnoMkA yahI anumAna rahA ki isa bhASAkA sAhitya vilupta ho cukA hai / sarvaprathama san 1887 meM jaba ricarDa pizelane siddhahemazabdAnuzAsanakA prakAzana karAyA to vidvAnoMkA apabhraMza bhASAkI racanAoMkI ora dhyAna jAnA prArambha huA / harmana jaikobIko sarvaprathama jaba bhavisayattakahAkI eka pANDulipi upalabdha huI to isa bhASAkI racanAoM ke astitvako carcA hone lagI aura jaba unhoMne san 1998 meM isakA jarmana bhASAmeM prathama prakAzana karAyA to pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAnoMkI isa bhASA ke sAhityako khojane kI ora ruci jAgrata huI aura san 1923meM guNe evaM dalAlane 'bhavisayatta kahA' kA hI sampAdana karake usake prakAzanakA zreya prApta kiyA / isake pazcAt to dezake aneka vidvAnoMkA dhyAna isa bhASAkI kRtiyoMkI ora jAne lagA aura kucha hI varSoM meM rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, gujarAta aura dehalIke granthAlayoM meM ekake bAda dUsarI racanAkI upalabdhi hone lagI / aura Aja to isakA vizAla sAhitya sAmane A cukA hai / lekina apabhraMzakI adhikAMza kRtiyAM abhI taka aprakAzita haiM / 8vIM zatAbdIse lekara 15 vIM zatAbdI taka isa bhASA meM abAdha gatise racanAe~ likhI gayIM / kintu saMvat 1700 taka isameM sAhitya nirmANa hotA rhaa| aba taka upalabdha sAhitya meM yadi mahAkavi svayambhUko prathama kavi honekA saubhAgya prApta hai to paMDita bhagavatIdAsako antima kavi hone kA zreya bhI kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai / mRgAMkalekhAcarita inakI antima kRti hai jisakA nirmANa dehalI meM huA thA / upalabdha apabhraMza sAhitya mukhyataH carita evaM kathAmUlaka hai / purANa sAhityakI bhI isameM lokapriyatA itihAsa aura purAtattva : 155
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________________ rahI aura mahAkavi puSpadantane mahApurANa likhakara vidvAnoMkA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| vaise prAkRta sAhityakI sabhI mukhya pravRttiyAM isa sAhityako prApta huI haiN| isalie eka lambe samaya taka apabhraMza kRtiyA~ bhI prAkRta kRtiyA~ samajha lI gyiiN| prAkRta bhASAkA jisa prakAra kathA sAhitya vizAla evaM samRddha hai tathA loka rucikArI hai usI prakAra apabhraMzakA kathA sAhitya bhI atyadhika samRddha hai| usameM lokarucike sabhI tattva vidyamAna haiN| yaha sAhitya premAkhyAnaka, vratamAhAtmyamUlaka, upadezAtmaka evaM caritamUlaka hai| vilAsavaIkahA, bhavisayattakahA, jiNayattakahA, sirivAlacarita, dhammaparikkhA, puNNAsavakahA, sattavasaNakahA, siddha / Adike rUpoMse isakA kathA sAhitya atyadhika samaddha hI nahIM hai kintu usameM bhAratIya saMskRtikI pramukha vidhAoMkA acchA darzana hotA hai| usake sAhityakI kitanI hI vidhAoMko surakSita rakhA hai aura unakA pUrNatayA pratipAlana bhI kiyA gayA hai| ina kathAkRtiyoMse sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, Arthika evaM sAMskRtika gatividhiyoMke khUba darzana hote haiM / inameM vaibhavake sAtha-sAtha dezameM vyApta nirdhanatA evaM parAdhInatAke bhI darzana hote haiN| kathAoMke vivaraNake atirikta kAvyAtmaka varNana, prakRti citraNa, rasAtmaka vyaJjanA evaM manovaijJAnikatAkI upalabdhi ina kathA kAvyoMkI pramukha vizeSatA hai| loka pakSakA sabala jIvana-darzana bhI ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM khUba milatA hai / sAmAjika sthiti ye kathA-kAvya tatkAlIna samAjakI sajIva mati upasthita karate haiN| inameM sAmAjika sthiti, vibAha, sayukta parivAra, varNa, jAti, bhojana, AbhUSaNa, dhArmika AcaraNa Adike sambandhameM rocaka bAtoMkA varNana milatA hai| ye kathA-kAvya isa dRSTise bhAratIya saMskRtike mUla poSaka rahe haiM / aura sAre dezako ekAtmakatAmeM bAMdhane meM samartha rahe haiN| yahA~ aba maiM Apake samakSa lokatattvoM ke bAre meM vistRta prakAza DAla rahA huuN| dezameM kitanI hI jAtiyA~ aura upajAtiyA~ thiiN| jiNadatta caupAImeM ralha kavine 24 prakArakI nakAra evaM 24 prakArakI makAra nAmAvali jAtiyoMke nAma ginAye haiN| ye sabhI usa samaya basantapurameM rahatI thiiN| kucha aisI jAtiyA~ bhI thIM jo azAnti, kalaha, corI Adi kAryoMmeM vizeSa ruci letI thiiN| samAjameM juA khelanekA kAphI pracAra thaa| nagaroMmeM juArI hote the tathA vezyAe~ hotI thiiN| kabhI-kabhI bhadra vyakti bhI apanI santAnako gArhastha jIvana meM utArane ke pahile aise sthAnoMpara bhejA karate the| juA khelaneko samAjavirodhI nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / jiNadatta eka hI bArameM 11 karoDakA dAva hAra gayA thaa| khelata bhaI jiNadattahi hAri, jUvArinhu jIti paccAri / bhaNai ralhu hama nAhIM khohi, hAriu davvu egAraha koDi // ina kathA-kAvyoMke par3hanese jJAta hotA hai ki usa yugameM bhI vaivAhika rIti-rivAja AjakI hI bhAMti samAjameM pracalita the| vivAhake lie maNDapa gAr3e jAte the| raMgAvalI pUrI jAtI thii| maMgala kalaza aura bandanavAra sajAye jAte the| maMgala vAdyoMke sAtha bhA~vareM par3atI thIM aura logoMko bhoja diyA jAtA thaa| bArAta khUba saja-dhajake sAtha jAtI thii| bhavisayattakahAmeM dhanavai seThake vivAhakA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai usameM lokajIvanakA yathArtha citra milatA hai| vivAhameM daheja denekI prathA thI lekina kabhI-kabhI varapakSavAle dahejako asvIkAra bhI kara diyA karate the| bhavisayattakahAmeM savarNa maNi aura ratnoMkA lobha chor3akara dhanadattakI sundara putrIko hI sabase acchA upahAra samajhA jAtA thA lekina jinadattako cAroM vivAhoMmeM itanA adhika daheja milA thA ki usase samhAle bhI nahIM samhalAtA thaa| koTi bhaTa zrIpAlako bhI mainA sundarIke sAtha vivAhake atirikta anya vivAhoMmeM khUba dhana-daulata prApta huA thaa| kabhI-kabhI rAjA apanI putrIke vivAhameM varako apanA AdhA rAjya bhI diyA karate the| 156 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ samAja meM bahu vivAhako prathAko mAnyatA prApta thii| jisake jitanI adhika patniyAM hotI thIM usako utanA hI aizvaryazAlI evaM bhAgyavAna samajhA jAtA thA / bhaviSyadatta ke pitA do vivAha karate haiM / jinadattane cAra vivAha kiye | zrIpAlane bhI cArase adhika vivAha kiye the / padumna jahA~-jahA~ bhI jAte haiM unheM upahArameM 'vadhU milatI hai / isI taraha jIvandharake jIvanameM bhI vivAhoMkI bhIr3a laga jAtI hai / vilAsavaI kahAke nAyaka vilAsavatI indrAvatI evaM pahupAvatI ke sAtha putrajanmapara Ajake hI samAna pahile bhI apAhija ko usa avasarapara khUba dAna diyA jAtA thA dAna diyA thA / vivAha karate haiM / khUba khuziyA~ manAyI jAtI thIM / jinadatta ke janmotsava para usake dehi taMbolata phophala pANa, dIne cIra paTole pAna / pUta badhAvA nAhIM khori, dIne seThi dAna kui koDi // jyotiSiyoMkI samAjameM kAphI pratiSThA thI / bhaviSyavANiyoMpara khUba vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA / rAjA mahArAjA bhI kabhI-kabhI inhIM bhaviSyavANiyoMke AdhArapara apanI kanyAoM kA vivAha karate the / jinadattakA zRMgAramatI ke sAtha, zrIpAlakA guNamAlA evaM madanamaMjarIke sAtha vivAhakA AdhAra ye hI bhaviSyavANiyA~ thIM / isI taraha sahasrakUTa caityAlayake kivAr3a kholane, samudra pAra karane evaM tairate hue vidyAdharoMke deza meM pahu~cane para bhI vivAha sampanna ho jAte the / zrIpAlane eka sthAnapara naimittikakI bhI bhaviSyavANIpara apanA pUrA vizvAsa vyakta kiyA hai / garIboM, anAthoM aura pitAne do karor3akA Nimittau je kahai Naresaru, mo kia savvu hoi paramesaru / zRMgAra evaM AbhUSaNoM meM striyoMkI svAbhAvika ruci thI / siripAlakahAmeM guNa sundarI apaneko soneke AbhUSaNoMse sajAtI hai / sonekA hAra vakSasthalapara dhAraNa karatI hai / jiNadattakI prathama patnI bimalamatIkI kaMcukI hI 9 karor3a meM bikI thI vaha kaMcukI motI, mANika evaM hIroMse jar3I huI thI / mANika ratana padAratha jar3I, vici vica hIrA sone ghar3I / Thae pAsi muttAhala jor3i, lai hai moli su Nama dhana kor3i // dhArmika jIvana sabhI strI-puruSa dhArmika jIvana vyatIta karate the / bhagavAnkI aSTamaMgala dravyase pUjA kI jAtI thI / zrIpAlakA kuSTa roga tIrthaMkarakI pratimAke abhiSekake jalase dUra huA thA / guNamAlAke vivAha ke pUrva vaha sahasrakUTa caityAlayake darzana karane gayA thA / jinadatta vimAna dvArA akRtrima caityAlayoMkI evaM kailAsapara sthita jinendradevakI vandanA karane gayA thA / jinadattakA pitA bhI pratidina bhagavAnkI vandanA - pUjA karatA thA / zrIpAla, jIvandhara, bhaviSyadatta, jinadatta, Adi sabhI nAyaka jIvanake antima varSo meM sAdhu-jIvana grahaNa karate haiM aura antameM tapasyA karake mukti athavA svarga - lAbha lete haiM / bhavisayattakahAkA mUla AdhAra zrutapaMcamI ke mAhAtmyako batalAnA hai / isI taraha zrIpAlakI jIvana kathA aSTAhnikA vratakA AdhAra hai / puNNAsavakahA evaM sattavasaNakahAkA pramukha uddezya pAThakoMke jIvana meM dharmake prati athavA sat kAryoMke prati rAgabhAva utpanna karanA hai / sAta vyasanoMse dUra rakhane ke lie sattavasaNakahAkI racanA kI gyii| ina kathA - kAvyoMke AdhArapara usa samaya rAjanaitika jIvanakI koI acchI tasvIra hamAre sAmane upasthita nahIM hotI hai / dezameM choTechoTe zAsaka ye aura ve eka-dUsarese lar3A karate the| jinadattacarita meM aise kitane hIkA ullekha AtA hai / jinadatta jaba atula sampattike sAtha apane nagara meM vApasa loTatA hai to vahA~kA rAjA use apane AdhA itihAsa aura purAtattva : 157
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________________ svAmI banA detA hai / ina kathA - kAvyoM meM yuddhakA atyanta vistArase varNana huA hai / yuddhake tatkAlIna astra-zastroMke bAremeM bhI ina kathA-kAvyoMse acchI jAnakArI milatI hai| nagara meM kile hote the, yuddhakI morcAbandI usameM kI jAtI thI / jiNadattacIpa meM dhanuSa, talavAra, DIkalu, gophaNI, Adi zastroMkA nAma ullekha kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka zAsaka ke pAsa caturaMgI sena hotI thI / yuddhake vizeSa bAje hote the tathA Dhola, bherI, nizAna bajane se sainikoMmeM yuddhonmAda bar3hatA rahatA thaa| zrIpAlakA apane vacaka sAtha honevAle yuddhakA kavine bahuta hI sundara varNana kiyA hai| rAjA hAthIpara baiThakara yuddhake lie prasthAna karatA thA vaha apane cAroM ora aMgarakSakoMse ghirA rahatA thA / janatA meM rAjAkA vizeSa AtaMka rahatA thA, koI bhI usakI AjJAkA ulaMghana karanekI sAmarthya nahIM rakhatA thA / vyApAriyoMse choTe-choTe rAjA bhI khUba bheMTa liyA karate the| bhaviSyadattane tilakadvIpa pahu~cakara bA~ke rAjAko khUba upahAra diye the| ina rAjAoMmeM choTI-choTI bAtoMko lekara jaba kabhI yuddha chir3a jAtA thA / inameM kanyA, upahAra Adike kAraNa pramukha rahe haiM / Arthika sthiti ina kathA kAvyoM meM samUce dezameM vyApArakI eka-sI sthiti milatI hai| dezakA vyApAra pUrNataH vaNika vargake hAthameM rahatA thA / vaNik - putra ToliyoM meM apane nagarase bAhara vyApAra ke lie jAte the / samudrI mArga se ve jahAja meM baiThakara choTe-choTe dvIpoMmeM vyApArake lie jAte the aura vahA~se atula sampatti lekara lauTate the / jiNadatta sAgaradatta ke sAtha jaba vyApArake lie videza gayA thA to usake sAtha kitane hI vaNikputra the| unake sAtha vividha prakArakI vikrIkI vastue~ thIM jo videzoMmeM maMhagI thIM aura dezameM sastI thiiN| bailaoNpara sAmAna lAdakara ve videzoM meM jAte the / dvIpoMmeM jAneke lie ve jahAjoMkA sahArA liyA karate the / choTe-choTe jahAjoM kA samUha hotA thA aura unakA eka saradAra athavA nAyaka hotA thA, sabhI vyApArI usake adhIna rahate the| zrIpAlakahAmeM dhavala seThakI atula sampattikA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhaviSyadatta, jiNadatta aura jIvandhara Adi sabhI kSeSThiputra the jo vyApAra ke lie bAhara gaye the aura vahA~ atula sampatti lekara lauTe the| ina kathA- kAvyoMmeM janatAkI Arthika sthiti acchI thI aisA AbhAsa hotA hai lekina phira bhI sampattikA ekAdhikAra vyApArI varga taka hI sImita thA / usa samaya siMghala dvIpa vyApAra ke lie pramukha AkarSaNakA kendra thA / jiNadatta vyApAra ke lie siMghala dvIpa gayA thA vahA~ javAharAtakA khUba vyApAra hotA thA / lena-dena vastuoMmeM adhika hotA thA, sikkoMkA calana kama thaa| una dinoM dvIpoMmeM vyApArI khUba munAphA kamAte the siMghala dvIpake atirikta bhavisayattakahA meM madanAgadvIpa, tilakadvIpa, kaMcanadvIpa AdikA varNana bhI milatA hai / ina kathA kAvyoM meM grAma evaM nagaroMkA varNana bhI bahuta huA hai / bhavisayattakahAmeM gajapura nagara meM pathika jana per3oMkI chAyAmeM ghUmate haiN| hAsa-parihAsa karate hue ganne kA rasapAna karate haiN| jiNadatta caupaImeM jo basantapuranagarakA varNana kiyA gayA hai usake anusAra bA~ke sabhI nivAsI premase rahate the| kolI, mAlI, paTavA evaM saperA bhI dayA pAlate the / brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya samAja bhI carama ke saMyogase vRtta rahate the / nagara bAhara udyAna hote the / sAgaradatta seThake udyAnameM vividha paudhe the| nAriyala evaM Amake vRkSa the| nAraMgI, chuhArA, dAkha, piMDa, khajUra, supArI, jAyaphala, ilAyacI, lauMga Adi-Adi phaloMke per3a the| puSpoMmeM majA, mAlatI, campA, rAyacampA, mucakunda, maulasirI, jayApuSpa, pAula, guDahala Adike nAma ullekhanIya haiN| 158 agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha :
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________________ premAkhyAnaka tattva apabhraMza bhASAke ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM premAkhyAnaka tattvakA acchI taraha pallavana huA hai / hindI bhASAmeM jina premAkhyAnaka kAvyoMkI sarjanA huI usameM apabhraMzake kathA kAvyakA atyadhika prabhAva hai| vilAsavaIkahA, bhavisayattakahA, jiNadattacaupaI, zrIpAlakahA Adi sabhImeM premAkhyAnaka kAvya bharA par3A hai / bhavisayattakahA evaM zrIpAlakahAmeM vivAha hone ke pazcAt navadampatti meM premakA saMcAra hotA hai| bhaviSyadatta vAstavika premake kAraNa hI bhaviSyAnurUpAko caturatAse prApta karatA hai aura sumitrAko yuddhake pazcAt prApta karatA hai| jiNadatta putalIke rUpameM citrita vimalamatIke rUpa-saundaryako dekhakara Asakta ho jAtA hai, vaha apane Apako bhUla jAtA hai aura rUpAtIta usa sundarIko pAne ke lie adhIra ho uThatA hai| isI prasaMgameM isa kathA-kAvyameM vimalamatIke saundaryakA jo varNana haA hai vaha premAkhyAnaka kAvyoMkA hI rUpa hai| caMpAvaNNI sohai deha, gala kaMdahala tiNNi jasu deha / poNatthANa jovvaNa mayasAya ura poTI kaDiyala vitthAra // vimalamatIko prApta karane ke pazcAt bhI jiNadatta usake prema meM DUbA huA rahA aura apanI videza yAtrAse lauTane ke pazcAt virahAgnimeM DUbI huI apanI do patniyoM ke sAtha vimalamatIko pAkara prasannatAse bhara kAsavatI kathA to Adise anta taka premAkhyAnaka kAvya hai| isa kathA kAvyameM vaNita prema vivAhake parvakA prema hai| rAjamArgapara jAte hue rAjakumAra sanatakumArake rUpako dekhakara vilAsavatI usapara mugdha ho jAtI hai aura rAjamahalakI khir3akIse hI phUloMkI mAlA apane premIke gale meM DAla detI hai / sanatakumAra bhI vilAsavatIke rUpalAvaNyako dekhakara usapara Asakta ho jAtA hai| dhIre-dhIre premakI agnimeM donoM hI premIpremikA jalane lagate haiM aura eka-dUsareko pAnekI lAlasA karate haiM aura donoMkA udyAnameM sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai lekina prema praNayako tabataka AtmasAt nahIM karate jabataka ki vivAha bandhanameM nahIM ba~dha jAte / isake lie unheM kAphI viyoga sahanA par3atA hai| premIke viyogase vikala hokara vilAsavatI madhya rAtriko satI honeke lie zmazAna kI ora prasthAna kara detI hai| lekina mArgameM vaha DAkuoM dvArA laTa lI jAtI hai| aura eka samudrI vyApArI dvArA kharIda lI jAtI hai| jahAjake TUTa jAnese vaha eka AzramameM pahu~ca jAtI hai saMyogase nAyaka sanatakumAra bhI apanI premikAke viyogase santapta usI AzramameM pahu~ca jAtA hai aura vilAsavatIke binA apane jIvanako vyartha samajhane lagatA hai| antameM AzramameM hI vaivAhika bandhanameM baMdha jAte haiM / isake pazcAta bhI eka-dUsarekA viyoga honepara mRtyuko AliMgana karaneko taiyAra honA nAyaka-nAyikAke Adarza premako prakaTa karatA hai| isa prakAra ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM jisa prema kathAnakakA citraNa huA hai usakA prabhAva hameM hindIke kucha premAkhyAnaka kAvyoMke varNanameM milatA hai| lekina ina sabake atirikta puNNAsavakahA, dhammaparikkhA, sattavasaNakahA jaisI kathAkRtiyoMmeM bhAratIya janajIvanameM sadAcAra, naitikatA, satakAryoM meM AsthAkA rUpa bharanekA jo prayAsa kiyA hai vaha bhAratIya saMskRtike pUrNata: anurUpa hai| yaha kathAeM janajIvanake starako U~cA uThAnevAlI haiM tathA gata saikar3oM varSoMse zraddhAlu pAThakoMko acche pathapara calanekI preraNA detI haiN| isa prakAra ina kathA kAvyoMne bhAratIya saMskRtike ekarUpAtmaka svarUpako sthAyI rakhane meM tathA usakA vikAsa karane meM jo yogadAna diyA hai vaha sarvathA stutya hai| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 159