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________________ apabhraMza vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ke dohe - DaoN0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', alIgar3ha pANinI kI koTi ke mahAna vaiyAkaraNa hote hue hemacandra kAvya-praNayana meM bhI kisIse pIche nahIM rahe / ve apabhraMza ke hI nahIM saMskRta aura prAkRta ke bhI kavi kovida the T eka vyakti meM aisI virodhI ruciyoM kA samanvaya vilakSaNa hai / asAdhAraNa pratibhA ke dhanI hemacandra kA Arambhika nAma caMgadeva thA / jainadIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt ApakA nAma hemacandra pdd'aa| Apa zvetAmbara jaina the aura gujarAta ke solaMkI rAjA siddharAja evaM unake bhatIje kumArapAla ke samasAmayika pratiSThita paNDita the / Apa adhikatara samaya anhilavAr3a meM rahe / ' ApakA samaya saMvat 1945 se saM0 1226 taka kA hai / 2 apanI prakhara 3 pratibhA ke kAraNa hemacandra 'kalikAla sarvajJa' se sambodhita hue / 1 apabhraMza sAhitya, harivaMza kochar3a, pRSTha 321 / 2 (ka) hisTrI Apha miDIvala hindU inDiyA, bhAga 3, pRSTha 411 / (kha) jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, nAthUrAma premI, pRSTha 448 / .5 candra kA bahumukhI vyaktitva mahAn hai / Apake 'siddha hema zabdAnuzAsana' ( vyAkaraNa ) ke atirikta 'liMgAnuzAsana' (vyAkaraNa), 'saMskRta dvayAzraya' ( mahAkAvya ), 'prAkRta dvayAzraya' yA 'kumArapAla carita' ( mahAkAvya ), 'kAvyAnuzAsana' (alaMkAra), 'chaMdo'nuzAsana' (chaMda zAstra), 'abhidhAna cintAmaNi' (koSa), 'anekArtha saMgraha' (koSa), 'dezInAmamAlA' (koSa), 'nighaMTukoSa' (vaidyaka koSa), 'pramANa mImAMsA' (nyAya), 'yogazAstra', 'triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra' ( mahApurANa) Adi anya aneka grantha vividha viSayoM kA nirUpaNa karate haiM / apane vyAkaraNa meM janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita dohoM ko udAhRta karake Apane loka sAhitya kI mahAna sampatti kI surakSA kI hai sAtha hI apabhraMza kAvya kA 'dohA' kAvyarUpa ke svarUpa samajhane kI prAmANika sAmagrI prastuta kI hai / dohA yA dUhA apabhraMza kA lADalA chaMda hai / 5 hemacandra ke dohe apabhraMza kAvya meM mahanIya haiN| sAhityika saundarya se sampRkta Apake dohe apabhraMza. sAhitya meM nirupameya nidhi hai / vastutaH apabhraMza vAGgamaya ke hemacandra AdhAra stambha haiM / hemacandra dvArA udAhRta dohoM kA sarasatA, bhAva-taralatA evaM kalAgata saundarya kI dRSTi se 'gAthA saptazatI' ke samAna hI mUlya hai / ina dohoM meM nisarga-siddha kAvyatva kI garimA nihita hai / viSayavastu kI dRSTi se ye dohe vIrabhAvApanna, zRMgArika, nItiparaka, anyoktiparaka, vastu kAvyAnuzAsana kI bhUmikA, rasikalAla pArIkha, pRSTha 261 / (kha) apabhraMza pAThamAlA, prathama bhAga, narottamadAsa svAmI, pRSTha 63 / 4 hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA, DaoN0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, pRSTha 13 / (ka) apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya, DaoN0 devendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 117 / (kha) jaina sAhitya kI hindI sAhitya ko dena, zrI rAmasiMha tomara, premI abhinandana grantha, pRSTha 468 / AdikAlIna hindI sAhitya zodha, DaoN0 harIza, pRSTha 15 / [ 56
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________________ varNanAtmaka aura dhArmika bhedoM meM vibhakta kie jA sakate haiM / 7 DaoN0 nemIcandra zAstrI kahate haiM -- " inameM zRMgAra, ratibhAvanA, nakhazikha citraNa, dhanikoM ke vilAsabhAva, raNabhUmi kI vIratA, saMyoga, viyoga, kRpaNoM kI kRpaNatA, prakRti ke vibhinna rUpa aura dRzya, nArI kI masRNa aura mAMsala bhAvanAe~ evaM nAnA prakAra ke ramaNIya dRzya aMkita haiM / vizva kI kisI bhASA ke koSa meM isa prakAra ke sarasa padya udAharaNoM ke rUpa nahIM milte| 18 hemacandra ke aneka dohe hindI sAhitya ke AdikAlIna sAhitya kA nirUpaNa karate hue suvijJa samIkSakoM dvArA udghRta kie gae haiN| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsavettAoM kSatriya nAriyoM kI vIratA ke Adarza-Akalana meM nimna dohA prastuta kiyA hai : bhallA huA ju mAriyA bAhiNi mahArA kantu / lajjejjaMtu vayaM siahuM jai bhaggA ghara aMtu // vIra rasa ke dohoM meM nArI kI darpoktiyoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai| DaoN0hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke zabdoM meM- "striyoM kI adbhuta darSokti jo Age calakara DiMgala kavitA kI jAna bana gaI, ina dohoM meM prathamabAra bahuta hI dRpta svara meM prakaTa huI hai / " " nAyikA ke kathana draSTavya haiM : ai sakhi ! . bekAra baka-baka mata kr| mere priya ke do hI doSa haiMjaba dAna karane lagate haiM to mujhe bacA lete haiM aura jaba jUjhane lagate haiM to karavAla ko : mahu to ve dosar3A helli ma zaMkhahi Alu | dentaho hau~ para u-variya jujjhantaho karavAlu || yadi zatruoM kI senA bhAgI hai to isIlie ki merA priya vahA~ hai aura yadi hamArI senA bhAgI hai to isIlie ki vaha mara gayA hai : jaba bhaggA pArakkaDA to sahi majjhapieNa / aha bhaggA amhattaNA so te mAri aDeNa || 9 jahA~ vANoM se vANa kaTate haiM, TakarAtI hai usI bhaTa ghaTA samUha meM prakAzita karatA hai : jahiM kapijjai sariNa saru chijjai khaggiNa khaggu / tahiM tehai bhaDa ghaDa nivahi kantu payAsai maggu || jaba priya dekhatA hai ki apanI senA bhAga khar3I huI hai aura zatru kA bala varddhita ho rahA hai taba candramA kI mahIna rekhA ke samAna mere priya kI talavAra khila uThatI hai aura pralaya macA detI hai : talavAra se talavAra merA priya mArga ko bhaggau~ dekhivi niyayavalu valu pasariau~ parassa / umbhilai sasireha jivaM kari karavAlu piyassa || isa janma meM bhI aura agale janma meM bhI, he gori ! aisA pati denA jo aMkuza ke bandhana ko asvIkAra kara dene vAle madamatta hAthiyoM se anAyAsa bhir3a sake : AyaI jammahi annahiM vi gori su dijjahi kantu / gayamattaha~ cattakusa haiM jo abbhiDahi hasantu || vaha dekho, hamArA priya vaha hai jisakA bakhAna saikar3oM lar3AiyoM meM ho cukA hai / vaha, jo aMkuza ko asvIkAra karane vAle matta gajarAjoM ke kumbha vidIrNa kara rahA hai : saMga ehi juvaNiai devabu amhArA kantu / ahimattaha~ cata-saha~ gaya kumbhehi vArantu || 7 apabhraMza kAvya paramparA aura vidyApati, DaoN0 aMbAdaMta paMta, pRSTha 356 / 8 prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pRSTha 540 / hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla, pRSTha 63 / 10 hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga, pRSTha 224-225 / 60 ] DaoN0 nAmavara siMha vIra rasa se page-sane dohoM ke viSaya meM kahate haiM- "yahA~ puruSa kA pauruSa hI nahIM, usake pArzva meM vIra ramaNI kA darpa bharA protsAhana bhI milegA, yadi eka ora ziva kA tANDava hai to dUsarI ora unake pArzva meM zakti kA lAsya bhI hai / " 10 sAmAnyataH nAriyA~ kAmanA karatI haiM ki kisI taraha mere priyatama lar3AI - bhir3AI ke kAmoM se avakAza pAkara mere AMcala tale sukha-zAMti se kucha dina bitAe~ / aisI
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________________ nAriyA~ prAyaH durlabha haiM jinheM yuddha ke binA udAsIna maha- nahIM pahu~ca pAtA to becArI nAyikA apane aMgoM para khIjha sUmatI ho / nAyikA kA kathana hai ki-priya, yaha kisa deza prakaTa karatI hai| kavizrI hemacandra kI sUjha aura kalpanA meM A gae ! jaba se yahA~ Ae ho yuddha kA akAla par3A atyanta camatkArI hai: huA hai| are kisI aise deza meM calo, jahA~ khaDga kA ai taMgattaNa jaM thaNahaM sau cheyau na hu lAhu / vyavasAya hotA ho| hama to yuddha ke binA durbala ho gae sahi jai kembai tuDi-vaseNa ahari pahuccai nAhu / aura aba binA yuddha ke svastha na hoNge| rUpakAtizayoktiyoM dvArA kavizrI hemacandra ne 'rUpakhagga visAhiu jahiM lahahu~ piya tahi desahiM jAhu~ / varNana' meM saundarya evaM camatkAra utpanna kara diyA hai / raNa-dubbhikkheM bhaggAI viNa jujjheM na balA hu~ / kabarI bandha samanvita mukha saundarya ke varNana meM kavizrI ne isa prakAra hemacandra ke vIra rasa ke dohe DiMgala kI candramA aura rAhu ke malla yuddha kI saMbhAvanA vyakta kI hai vIra paramparA ko spaSTa karane meM sahAyaka hai / 11 ina dohoM to bhUmara kula ke sadRza nAyikA ke keza aise laga rahe haiM meM vIra rasa kA abhinava svara bhAsvara hai, yuddha-varNana vicitra mAno andhakAra ke bacce milakara khela rahe haiN| nAyikA hai, adabhUta hai, yoddhA lar3ate-laDate pAvoM meM apanI ata DiyA~ kA priya doSI hai, mana usakA lAcAra hai, sakhI kahane AtI ulajha jAne, sira kaMdhe para jhala jAne para bhI talavAra se to nAyikA namratA kI narmadA meM avagAhana karatI huI hAtha nahIM httaataa| utsAha kA yaha adabhuta rUpa mAtra yuddha- kahatI haiM ki jaba priya sadoSa hai to aisI bAta ekAMta meM kSetra meM hI nahIM apitu jIvana ke anya kSetroM meM bhI pari- kaho lekina aise ekAMta meM ki merA mana bhI na jAnane pAe lakSita hai| kyoMki vaha to priya kA pakSapAtI hai| para nAyikA ko zRgArika dohoM kI paramparA 'gAhAsatasaI yA laukika ekAMta kahA~ prApta hotA hai : zRgArika muktakoM se saMzliSTa kI jAtI hai| aise bahuta bhaNa sahi nihu au~ teva maI jai piu diTa sadosu / se dohe haiM jinameM nAyikA svayaM nAyaka kI vIratA kI carcA jevaM na jANai majjhu maNu pakkhAvaDiaM tAsu // karatI hai| aneka dohe rativRtti pradhAna hote hue bhI vIra viraha varNana meM UhAtmakatA ke abhidarzana hote haiM / rasa pUrNa dikhAI par3ate haiN| vizaddha zRgArika dohoM meM eka kRza tanu viyoginI bAlA ko A~suoM se colI ko nAyikA apanI sakhI yA dUtI se athavA dUtI, sakhI yA gIlI karate hue aura uSNa uccha, vA soM se sukhAte hue anya koI strI pAtra nAyikA se rati vRtti ko jAgarita dikhAyA hai| mAna sambandhI dohoM meM bar3I mArmikatA hai| karane vAle bhAva vyakta karatI hai| kahIM svayaM nAyikA kabhI nAyikA mAna karatI hai to kabhI nAyaka / priyatama pathika se vAkcAturya ke dvArA gopanavRtti kI abhivyakti ko dekhane para halacala meM vaha manasvinI mAna karanA bhUla karatI hai| kavizrI hemacandra apanI prauDhoktiyoM ke dvArA jAtI hai / eka nAyikA mAna karane kA saMkalpa karatI hai aura Alambana, Azraya, uddIpana yA anubhAva mAtra kA varNana sArI rAta aisI hI kalpanAoM meM bitA detI hai kintu jaba karate dikhAI dete haiN| kahIM nAyikA ke sampUrNa aMgoM kA priya kA Agamana hotA hai to mana dhokhA de jAtA hai| aura kahIM usake vizeSa aMgoM-mukha, netra, stana, kaTi Adi mAna viraha ke atirikta pravAsa viraha ke aneka uddharaNa kA varNana karate haiN| hemacandra dvArA nirUpita mugdhA nAyikA milate haiN| mAna viraha meM kRtrimatA yA vilAsitA adhika kI khIjha dekhate hI banatI hai| kavizrI kA kathana ki pratIta hotI hai kintu pravAsa-viraha meM sneha atyanta tapta aura kizorI ke stanoM ke bIca kI dUrI itanI kama hai ki uddIpta ho jAtA hai| DaoN. nAmavara siMha ne zRgAraparaka usameM nAyaka kA mana bhI nahIM aTa sktaa| jaba ye stana dohoM kI samIkSA karate hue kahA hai-"isa taraha praNayI itane uttuMga ho jAte haiM ki priya unake kAraNa adharoM taka jIvana ke ina dohoM meM vaha sAdagI, saralatA aura tAjagI 11 hindI sAhitya, DaoN0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, pRSTha 22 /
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________________ hai jo hindI ke samUce rItikAvya meM bhI muzkila se nava anubhUti kI abhivyakti hai| nIti ke ye upadeza milegii| kalA vahA~ jarUra hai, cAturI vahA~ khUba hai, eka- jIvana ke vyavahAra se sambandhita haiN| inakI abhivyaJjanA eka zabda meM adhika se adhika camatkRta karane kI zakti ke lie kavizrI ne upayukta dRSTAnta prastuta kie haiM : bhI ho sakatI hai matalaba yaha ki vahA~ gAgara meM gAgara sAmarU uppari taNa dharai tali ghallai rynnaaii| bharane kI karAmAta ho sakatI hai lekina gAgara meM sAgara sAmi subhicca vi pariharai saMmANei khalAI // jitanA hI amRta bharane kI jo ceSTA yahA~ hai, usa para arthAta sAgara tRNoM ko to apane Upara dhAraNa karatA hai rIjhane vAle sujAna bhI kama nahIM hai| kaThina kAma gAgara meM aura ratnoM ko bhItara tala meM DAlatA hai, svAmI subhRtya sAgara bharanA ho sakatA hai lekina gAgara meM apanA hRdaya bhara kI to upekSA karatA hai kintu khaloM kA sammAna karatA hai| denA kahIM adhika kaThina hai| hema vyAkaraNa ke ina dohoM kI sthiti aisI hI hai| AryA aura gAhA satasaI kI taraha mahattvAkAMkSiyoM ke Adarza kA nirUpaNa karate hue isa dohAvalI ke bhI eka-eka dohe para darjanoM prabandha kavizrI kA kathana hai ki kamaloM ko chor3akara bhUmara samUha kAvya nichAvara kie jA sakate haiN|12 hAthiyoM ke gaNDasthala se mada pAna karane kI AkAMkSA rakhate haiM aura vahA~ jAte haiN| durlabha ko prApta karane kI jinakI ____ hema vyAkaraNa meM bhramara, kuMjara, papIhA, kehari, dhavala, icchA rahatI hai, ve dUrI ko kucha bhI nahIM samajhate / mahAdruma Adi ko lekara bar3I hI hiyahArI anyoktiyA~ kahI gaI haiN| 'bhUmara' saMdarbhita anyokti draSTavya hai : kamalaI mellavi ali-ulaM kari-gaMDAI mahaMti / a-sulaha-mecchaNa jAhaM bhali teNa vi dUra gaNaMti / / bhamara ma ruNajhaNi raNaui sA disi joi ma roi / sA mAlai desaMtaritha jasu tuhU~ marahi vioi / / isa prakAra apabhaza vaiyAkaraNa hemacandra ne apane arthAt he bhUmara ! araNya meM runajhuna dhvani mata kara, usa 'zabdAnuzAsana' meM vIra, zRgAra tathA anya rasoM se anudizA ko dekhakara mata ro, vaha mAlatI dUsare deza calI prANita dohoM ko vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko samajhAne hetu gaI jisake viyoga meM tuma mara rahe ho| vyavahAra meM liyA hai| jisameM kahIM nIti sambandhI uktiyA~ haiM to kahIM dhArmika sUktiyoM yA anyoktiyoM kA samAyojana ' 'dhavala baila' sambandhI anyokti bhI mArmika bana par3I huA hai| ina dohoM meM upamA, rUpaka, utprekSA, atihai| apane svAmI ke gutbhAra (adhika parezAnI) ko zayokti, vibhAvanA, hetu, arthAntaranyAsa, dRSTAnta, udAdekhakara dhavala baila kheda karatA hai ki maiM hI do khaNDa karake kyo na donoM ora jota diyA gayA : haraNa Adi alaMkAroM ke sundara viniyoga se kAvya-saundarya kA utkarSa parilakSita hai| inase gorakhanAtha, saMta kabIra dhavalu visurai sAmi aho garuA bhara pikkhevi / / Adi paravartI kaviyoM ne preraNA grahaNa kI hai| hemacandra hau~ ki na jattau duhu~ disihiM khaNDai~ do piNa karevi / / yuga kI apabhRza bhASAgata evaM sAhityika pravRttiyoM ko 'mahAdruma' viSayaka anyokti bhI kama mahattva lie nahIM samajhane kI dRSTi se ina dohoM kI mahattA asaM digdha hai| hai| cir3iyA~ mahAna dumoM ke sira para baiThakara phala khAtI apabhUza kAvya meM dhArmika sAhitya kI pracuratA ke haiM aura zAkhAoM ko bhI tor3a DAlatI haiM phira bhI mahAdruma madhya vIra aura zRgAra rasa ke itane utkRSTa chaMda usake unakA kucha bhI aparAdha nahIM ginate : sAhityika gaurava ke utkarSa vidhAyaka haiN| dhArmika kSetra se siriM caDiyA khanti tphalaI puNu DAlaI moDanti / dUra ye dohe laukika apabhraMza kAvya kI manamohaka jhAMkI to viM mahadduma sauNAha~ phalAni punaH zAkhA moTayanti / / prastuta karate haiN| vastutaH hemacandra ke dohe apabhaza vAGgamaya hemacandra dvArA udadhRta nIti sambandhI dohoM meM abhi- meM muktaka kAvya ke saphala vAhana haiN| 12 hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhRza kA yoga, pRSTha 228 / 62 ]