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________________ apabhraMza kathA- kAvyoM kI bhAratIya saMskRtiko dena DaoN0 kastUracanda kAsalIvAla prAkRta bhASAke samAna apabhraMza bhASAko bhI saikar3oM varSoM taka bhAratakI lokabhASA athavA janabhASA hone kA saubhAgya milA / bhAratIya sAhitya meM isakI lokapriyatAke saikar3oM udAharaNa upalabdha hote haiM / IsvI 6ThI zatAbdI pUrva hI apabhraMzakA khUba pracalana ho gayA thaa| saMskRta aura prAkRtake sAtha apabhraMzakA bhI purANoM vyAkaraNoM tathA zilAlekhoM meM ullekha hone lagA thA / vaiyyAkaraNoMne prAkRta vyAkaraNoMmeM prAkRtake sAtha apabhraMzapara bhI khUba vicAra kiyA / prArambhameM yaha prAdezika boliyoMke rUpameM Age bar3hI / AThavIM zatAbdI taka yaha janabhASA ke sAtha-sAtha kAvya bhASA bhI bana gayI aura bar3e-bar3e kaviyoMkA isa bhASA meM kAvya-nirmANa karanekI ora dhyAna jAne lagA / yadyapi apabhraMza bhASAmeM abhI taka svayambhUke pUrvakI koI racanA upalabdha nahIM ho sakI hai lekina svayaM svayaMbhU ne apane pUrvavarttI evaM samakAlIna jina kaviyoMkA ullekha kiyA hai usase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa bhASA meM 8 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI kAvyaracanA hone lagI thI aura yahI nahIM use sAhityika kSetra meM samAdara bhI milane lagA thA / 8vIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt to apabhraMza bhASAko kAvyaracanAke kSetra meM khUba protsAhana milA / dezake zAsaka varga, vyApArI varga evaM svAdhyAya premI janatAne apabhraMzake kaviyoMse kAvya nirmANa karanekA vizeSa Agraha kiyA / isase kaviyoMko Azrayake atirikta atyadhika sammAna bhI milane lagA aura isase isa bhASAmeM kAvya, carita, kathA purANa evaM adhyAtma sAhitya khUba likhA gayA aura isI kAraNa uttarase dakSiNa taka tathA pUrva se pazcima takakI bhAratIya saMskRtiko ekarUpatA dene meM atyadhika sahAyatA milii| lekina 60 varSa pUrva taka adhikAMza vidvAnoMkA yahI anumAna rahA ki isa bhASAkA sAhitya vilupta ho cukA hai / sarvaprathama san 1887meM jaba ricarDa pizelane siddhahemazabdAnuzAsanakA prakAzana karAyA to vidvAnoMkA apabhraMza bhASAkI racanAoMkI ora dhyAna jAnA prArambha huA / harmana jaikobIko sarvaprathama jaba bhavisayattakahAkI eka pANDulipi upalabdha huI to isa bhASAkI racanAoM ke astitvakI carcA hone lagI aura jaba unhoMne san 1998 meM isakA jarmana bhASA meM prathama prakAzana karAyA to pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAnoMkI isa bhASA ke sAhityako khojane kI ora ruci jAgrata huI aura san 1923 meM guNe evaM dalAlane 'bhavisayatta kahA' kA hI sampAdana karake usake prakAzanakA zreya prApta kiyA / isake pazcAt to dezake aneka vidvAnoMkA dhyAna isa bhASAkI kRtiyoMkI ora jAne lagA aura kucha hI varSoM meM rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, gujarAta aura dehalI ke granthAlayoM meM ekake bAda dUsarI racanAkI upalabdhi hone lagI / aura Aja to isakA vizAla sAhitya sAmane A cukA hai| lekina apabhraMzakI adhikAMza kRtiyAM abhI taka aprakAzita haiM / 8vIM zatAbdIse lekara 15 vIM zatAbdI taka isa bhASA meM abAdha gatise racanAe~ likhI gayIM / kintu saMvat 1700 taka isameM sAhitya nirmANa hotA rhaa| aba taka upalabdha sAhitya meM yadi mahAkavi svayambhUko prathama kavi honekA saubhAgya prApta hai to paMDita bhagavatIdAsako antima kavi hone kA zreya bhI kama mahattvapUrNa nahIM / mRgAMkalekhAcarita inakI antima kRti hai jisakA nirmANa dehalI meM huA thA / upalabdha apabhraMza sAhitya mukhyataH carita evaM kathAmUlaka hai / purANa sAhityakI bhI isameM lokapriyatA itihAsa aura purAtattva : 155
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________________ rahI aura mahAkavi puSpadantane mahApurANa likhakara vidvAnoMkA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA / vaise prAkRta sAhitya kI sabhI mukhya pravRttiyAM isa sAhityako prApta huI haiM / isalie eka lambe samaya taka apabhraMza kRtiyA~ bhI prAkRta kRtiyA~ samajha lI gayIM / prAkRta bhASAkA jisa prakAra kathA sAhitya vizAla evaM samRddha hai tathA loka rucikArI hai usI prakAra apabhraMzakA kathA sAhitya bhI atyadhika samRddha hai / usameM lokaruci ke sabhI tattva vidyamAna haiN| yaha sAhitya premAkhyAnaka, vratamAhAtmyamUlaka, upadezAtmaka evaM caritamUlaka hai / vilAsa / kahA, bhavisayattakahA, jiNayattakahA, sirivAlacarita, dhammaparikkhA, puNNAsavakahA, sattavasaNakahA, siddhacakkakahA Adike rUpoMse isakA kathA sAhitya atyadhika samRddha hI nahIM hai kintu usameM bhAratIya saMskRtikI pramukha vidhAoM kA acchA darzana hotA hai / usake sAhityakI kitanI hI vidhAoMko surakSita rakhA hai aura unakA pUrNatayA pratipAlana bhI kiyA gayA hai / ina kathAkRtiyoMse sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, Arthika evaM sAMskRtika gatividhiyoMke khUba darzana hote haiM / inameM vaibhava ke sAtha-sAtha dezameM vyApta nirdhanatA evaM parAdhInatA ke bhI darzana hote haiM / kathAoMke vivaraNake atirikta kAvyAtmaka varNana, prakRti citraNa, rasAtmaka vyaJjanA evaM manovaijJAnikatAkI upalabdhi ina kathA kAvyoMkI pramukha vizeSatA hai| loka pakSakA sabala jIvana-darzana bhI ina kathA- kAvyoM meM khUba milatA hai / sAmAjika sthiti ye kathA-kAvya tatkAlIna samAjakI sajIva mUrti upasthita karate haiM / inameM sAmAjika sthiti, vibAha, saMyukta parivAra, varNa, jAti, bhojana, AbhUSaNa, dhArmika AcaraNa Adike sambandhameM rocaka bAtoMkA varNana milatA hai / ye kathA - kAvya isa dRSTise bhAratIya saMskRtike mUla poSaka rahe haiM / aura sAre dezako ekAtmakatA meM bA~dhane meM samartha rahe haiM / yahA~ aba maiM Apake samakSa lokatattvoMke bAremeM vistRta prakAza DAla rahA hU~ / deza meM kitanI hI jAtiyA~ aura upajAtiyA~ thIM / jiNadatta caupAImeM ralha kavine 24 prakArakI nakAra evaM 24 prakArakI makAra nAmAvali jAtiyoMke nAma ginAye haiM / ye sabhI usa samaya basantapurameM rahatI thIM / kucha aisI jAtiyA~ bhI thIM jo azAnti, kalaha, corI Adi kAryoM meM vizeSa ruci letI thIM / samAja meM juA khelanekA kAphI pracAra thA / nagaroMmeM juArI hote the tathA vezyAe~ hotI thiiN| kabhI-kabhI bhadra vyakti bhI apanI santAnako gArhastha jIvana meM utArane ke pahile aise sthAnoMpara bhejA karate the| juA khelaneko samAjavirodhI nahIM samajhA jAtA thaa| jiNadatta eka hI bAra meM 11 karor3akA dAva hAra gayA thA / khelata bhaI jiNadattahi hAri, jUvArinhu jIti paccAri / bhai lhu hama nAhIM khohi, hAriu davvu egAraha koDi || ina kathA-kAvyoMke par3hanese jJAta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM bhI vaivAhika rIti-rivAja AjakI hI bhA~ti samAjameM pracalita the / vivAhake lie maNDapa gAr3e jAte the / raMgAvalI pUrI jAtI thI / maMgala kalaza aura bandanavAra sajAye jAte the / maMgala vAdyoMke sAtha bhA~vareM par3atI thIM aura logoMko bhoja diyA jAtA thA / bArAta khUba saja-dhajake sAtha jAtI thI / bhavisayattakahA meM dhanavai seThake vivAhakA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai| usameM lokajIvanakA yathArtha citra milatA hai / vivAhameM daheja denekI prathA thI lekina kabhI-kabhI varapakSavAle dahejako asvIkAra bhI kara diyA karate the / bhavisayattakahA meM savarNa maNi aura ratnoMkA lobha chor3akara dhanadattakI sundara putrIko hI sabase acchA upahAra samajhA jAtA thA lekina jinadattako cAroM vivAhoMmeM itanA adhika daheja milA thA ki usase samhAle bhI nahIM samhalAtA thA / koTi bhaTa zrIpAlako bhI mainA sundarIke sAtha vivAha ke atirikta anya vivAhoM meM khUba dhana-daulata prApta huA thA / kabhI-kabhI rAjA apanI putrIke vivAha meM varako apanA AdhA rAjya bhI diyA karate the / 156 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana grantha
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________________ samAja meM bahu vivAhakI prathAko mAnyatA prApta thI / jisake jitanI adhika patniyA~ hotI thIM usako utanA hI aizvaryazAlI evaM bhAgyavAna samajhA jAtA thA / bhaviSyadatta ke pitA do vivAha karate haiM / jinadattane cAra vivAha kiye | zrIpAlane bhI cArase adhika vivAha kiye the / padumna jahA~-jahA~ bhI jAte haiM unheM upahArameM vadhU milatI hai / isI taraha jIvandharake jIvanameM bhI vivAhoMkI bhIr3a laga jAtI hai / vilAsavaI kahAke nAyaka vilAsavatI indrAvatI evaM pahupAvatI ke sAtha vibAha karate haiM / putrajanmapara Aja ke hI samAna pahile bhI khUba khuziyAM manAyI jAtI thIM / apAhijoMko usa avasarapara khUba dAna diyA jAtA thaa| jinadattake janmotsavapara usake dAna diyA thA / dehi taMbolata phophala pANa, dIne cIra paTole pAna / pUta badhAvA nAhIM khori, dIne seThi dAna kui koDi // jyotiSiyoMkI samAjameM kAphI pratiSThA thI / bhaviSyavANiyoMpara khUba vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA / rAjA mahArAjA bhI kabhI-kabhI inhIM bhayiSyavANiyoMke AdhArapara apanI kanyAoMkA vivAha karate the| jinadattakA zRMgAramatI ke sAtha, zrIpAlakA guNamAlA evaM madanamaMjarI ke sAtha vivAhakA AdhAra ye hI bhaviSyavANiyA~ thiiN| isI taraha sahasrakUTa caityAlayake kivAr3a kholane, samudra pAra karane evaM tairate hue vidyAdharoMke deza meM pahu~cane para bhI vivAha sampanna ho jAte the / zrIpAlane eka sthAnapara naimittikakI bhI bhaviSyavANIpara apanA pUrA vizvAsa vyakta kiyA hai / garIboM, anAthoM aura pitAne do karor3a kA nimitta je kahai Naresaru, mo kia savvu hoi paramesaru / zRMgAra evaM AbhUSaNoM meM striyoMkI svAbhAvika ruci thI / siripAlakahAmeM guNa sundarI apaneko sone ke AbhUSaNoMse sajAtI hai| sonekA hAra vakSasthalapara dhAraNa karatI hai / jiNadattakI prathama patnI bimalamatIkI kaMcukI hI 9 karor3a meM bikI thI vaha kaMcukI motI, mANika evaM hIroMse jar3I huI thI / mANika ratana padAratha jar3I, vici vica hIrA sone ghar3I / Thae pAsi muttAhala jor3i, lai hai moli su Nama dhana kor3i // dhArmika jIvana sabhI strI-puruSa dhArmika jIvana vyatIta karate the / bhagavAnkI aSTamaMgala dravyase pUjA kI jAtI thI / zrIpAlakA kuSTa roga tIrthaMkarakI pratimAke abhiSeka ke jalase dUra huA thA / guNamAlAke vivAha ke pUrva vaha sahasrakUTa caityAlayake darzana karane gayA thA / jinadatta vimAna dvArA akRtrima caityAlayoMkI evaM kailAsapara sthita jinendradevakI vandanA karane gayA thaa| jinadattakA pitA bhI pratidina bhagavAnkI vandanA-pUjA karatA thA / zrIpAla, jIvandhara, bhaviSyadatta, jinadatta, Adi sabhI nAyaka jIvanake antima varSo meM sAdhu-jIvana grahaNa karate haiM aura antameM tapasyA karake mukti athavA svarga lAbha lete haiM / bhavisayattakahAkA mUla AdhAra zrutapaMcamI ke mAhAtmyako batalAnA hai / isI taraha zrIpAlakI jIvana kathA aSTAhnikA vratakA AdhAra hai / puNNAsavakahA evaM sattavasaNakahAkA pramukha uddezya pAThakoMke jIvana meM dharmake prati athavA sat kAryoMke prati rAgabhAva utpanna karanA hai / sAta vyasanoMse dUra rakhane ke lie sattavasaNakahAkI racanA kI gyii| ina kathA - kAvyoMke AdhArapara usa samayake rAjanaitika jIvanakI koI acchI tasvIra hamAre sAmane upasthita nahIM hotI hai / dezameM choTechoTe zAsaka ye aura ve eka-dUsare se lar3A karate the| jinadattacaritameM aise kitane hIkA ullekha AtA hai / jinadatta jaba atula sampattike sAtha apane nagara meM vApasa loTatA hai to vahA~kA rAjA use apane AdhA itihAsa aura purAtattva : 157
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________________ rAjyakA svAmI banA detA hai| ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM yuddhakA atyanta vistArase varNana huA hai| yuddhake tatkAlIna astra-zastroMke bAremeM bhI ina kathA-kAvyoMse acchI jAnakArI milatI hai / nagarameM kile hote the, yuddhakI morcAbandI usameM kI jAtI thii| jiNadattacaupaImeM dhanuSa, talavAra, DhIkalu, gophaNI, Adi zastroMkA nAma ullekha kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka zAsakake pAsa caturaMgI sena hotI thii| yuddhake vizeSa bAje hote the tathA Dhola, bherI, nizAna bajanese sainikoMmeM yuddhonmAda bar3hatA rahatA thaa| zrIpAlakA apane carcAke sAtha honevAle yuddhakA kavine bahuta hI sundara varNana kiyA hai| rAjA hAthIpara baiThakara yuddhake lie prasthAna karatA thA vaha apane cAroM ora aMgarakSakoMse ghirA rahatA thaa| janatAmeM rAjAkA vizeSa AtaMka rahatA thA, koI bhI usakI AjJAkA ulaMghana karanekI sAmarthya nahIM janatAma rANa rakhatA thA / vyApAriyoMse choTe-choTe rAjA bhI khUba bheMTa liyA karate the| bhaviSyadattane tilakadvIpa pahu~cakara vahA~ke rAjAko khuba upahAra diye the| ina rAjAoMmeM choTI-choTI bAtoMko lekara jaba kabhI yuddha chir3a jAtA thaa| inameM kanyA, upahAra Adike kAraNa pramukha rahe hai / Arthika sthiti ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM samUce deza meM vyApArakI eka-sI sthiti milatI hai| dezakA vyApAra pUrNataH vaNika vargake hAthameM rahatA thaa| vaNika-putra ToliyoMmeM apane nagarase bAhara vyApArake lie jAte the / samudrI mArgase ve jahAjameM baiThakara choTe-choTe dvIpoMmeM vyApArake lie jAte the aura vahA~se atula sampatti lekara lauTate the| jiNadatta sAgaradattake sAtha jaba vyApArake lie videza gayA thA to usake sAtha kitane hI vaNika-putra the / unake sAtha vividha prakArakI vikrIkI vastue~ thIM jo videzoMmeM maMhagI thIM aura dezameM sastI thiiN| bailoMpara sAmAna lAdakara ve videzoMmeM jAte the| dvIpoMmeM jAneke lie ve jahAjoMkA sahArA liyA karate the| choTe-choTe jahAjoMkA samUha hotA thA aura unakA eka saradAra athavA nAyaka hotA thA, sabhI vyApArI usake adhIna rahate the| zrIpAlakahAmeM dhavala seThako atula sampattikA varNana kiyA gayA hai| bhaviSyadatta, jiNadatta aura jIvandhara Adi sabhI kSeSThiputra the jo vyApArake lie bAhara gaye the aura vahA~se atula sampatti lekara lauTe the| ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM janatAko Arthika sthiti acchI thI aisA AbhAsa hotA hai lekina phira bhI sampattikA ekAdhikAra vyApArI varga taka hI sImita thaa| usa samaya siMghala dvIpa vyApArake lie pramukha AkarSaNakA kendra thaa| jiNadatta vyApArake lie siMghala dvIpa gayA thA vahA~ javAharAtakA khUba vyApAra hotA thaa| lena-dena vastuoMmeM adhika hotA thA, sikkoMkA calana kama thaa| una dinoM dvIpoMmeM vyApArI khuba manAphA kamAte the| siMghala dvIpake atirikta bhavisayattakahAmeM madanAgadvIpa, tilakadvIpa, kaMcanadvIpa AdikA varNana bhI milatA hai| ina kathA kAvyoMmeM grAma evaM nagaroMkA varNana bhI bahuta huA hai| bhavisayattakahAmeM gajapura nagarameM pathika jana per3oMkI chAyAmeM ghUmate haiN| hAsa-parihAsa karate hue gannekA rasapAna karate haiN| jiNadattacaupaImeM jo basantapuranagarakA varNana kiyA gayA hai usake anusAra vahA~ke sabhI nivAsI premase rahate the / kolI, mAlI, paTavA evaM saperA bhI dayA pAlate the / brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya samAja bhI caramake saMyogase vRtta rahate the / nagarake bAhara udyAna hote the| sAgaradatta seThake udyAnameM vividha paudhe the| nAriyala evaM Amake vRkSa the| nAraMgI, chuhArA, dAkha, piMDa, khajUra, supArI, jAyaphala, ilAyacI, lauMga Adi-Adi phaloMke per3a the| puSpoMmeM marUA, mAlatI, campA, rAyacampA, mucakunda, maulasirI, jayApuSpa, pAula, guDahala Adike nAma ullekhanIya haiN| 158 : agaracanda nAhaTA abhinandana-grantha
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________________ premAkhyAnaka tattva apabhraMza bhASAke ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM premAkhyAnaka tattvakA acchI taraha pallavana huA hai / hindI bhASAmeM jina premAkhyAnaka kAvyoMkI sarjanA haI usameM apabhraMzake kathA kAvyakA atyadhika prabhAva hai| vilAsavaIkahA, bhavisayattakahA, jiNadattacaupaI, zrIpAlakahA Adi sabhI meM premAkhyAnaka kAvya bharA par3A hai / bhavisayattakahA evaM zrIpAlakahAmeM vivAha honeke pazcAt navadampatti meM premakA saMcAra hotA hai| bhaviSyadatta vAstavika premake kAraNa hI bhaviSyAnurUpAko caturatAse prApta karatA hai aura sumitrAko yuddha ke pazcAt prApta karatA hai| jiNadatta putalIke rUpameM citrita vimalamatIke rUpa-saundaryako dekhakara Asakta ho jAtA hai, vaha apane Apako bhUla jAtA hai aura rUpAtIta usa sundarIko pAne ke lie adhIra ho uThatA hai| isI prasaMgameM isa kathA-kAvyameM vimalamatIke saundaryakA jo varNana huA hai vaha premAkhyAnaka kAvyoMkA hI rUpa hai| caMpAvaNNI sohai deha, gala kaMdahala tiNNi jasu deha / pINatthaNi jovvaNa mayasAya ura poTI kaDiyala vitthAra / / vimalamatIko prApta karaneke pazcAta bhI jiNadatta usake premameM DUbA haA rahA aura apanI videza yAtrAse lauTane ke pazcAt virahAgnimeM DUbI huI apanI do patniyoMke sAtha vimalamatIko pAkara prasannatAse bhara gyaa| vilAsavatI kathA to Adise anta taka premAkhyAnaka kAvya hai| isa kathA kAvyameM varNita prema vivAhake pUrvakA prema hai| rAjamArgapara jAte hue rAjakumAra sanatakumArake rUpako dekhakara vilAsavatI usapara mugdha ho jAtI hai aura rAjamahalakI khir3akIse hI phUloMkI mAlA apane premIke gale meM DAla detI hai / sanatakumAra bhI vilAsavatIke rUpalAvaNyako dekhakara usapara Asakta ho jAtA hai| dhIre-dhIre premakI agnimeM donoM hI premIpremikA jalane lagate haiM aura eka-dUsareko pAnekI lAlasA karate haiM aura donoMkA udyAnameM sAkSAtkAra ho jAtA hai lekina prema praNayako tabataka AtmasAt nahIM karate jabataka ki vivAha bandhanameM nahIM baMdha jAte / isake lie unheM kAphI viyoga sahanA par3atA hai| premIke viyogase vikala hokara vilAsavatI madhya rAtriko satI honeke lie zmazAna kI ora prasthAna kara detI hai| lekina mArgameM vaha DAkuoM dvArA lUTa lI jAtI hai / aura eka samudrI vyApArI dvArA kharIda lI jAtI hai| jahAjake TUTa jAnese vaha eka AzramameM pahuMca jAtI hai saMyogase nAyaka sanatakumAra bhI apanI premikAke viyogase santapta usI AzramameM pahu~ca jAtA hai aura vilAsavatIke binA apane jIvanako vyartha samajhane lagatA hai| antameM AzramameM hI vaivAhika bandhanameM baMdha jAte haiN| isake pazcAt bhI eka-dUsarekA viyoga honepara mRtyuko AliMgana karaneko taiyAra honA nAyaka-nAyikAke Adarza premako prakaTa karatA hai| isa prakAra ina kathA-kAvyoMmeM jisa prema kathAnakakA citraNa huA hai usakA prabhAva hameM hindIke kucha premAkhyAnaka kAvyoMke varNanameM milatA hai| lekina ina sabake atirikta puNNAsavakahA, dhammaparikkhA, sattavasaNakahA jaisI kathAkRtiyoMmeM bhAratIya janajIvanameM sadAcAra, naitikatA, satkAryoM meM AsthAkA rUpa bharanekA jo prayAsa kiyA hai vaha bhAratIya saMskRtike pUrNata: anurUpa hai| yaha kathAeM janajIvanake starako U~cA uThAnevAlI haiM tathA gata saikar3oM varSoMse zraddhAlu pAThakoMko acche pathapara calanekI preraNA detI hai| isa prakAra ina kathA kAvyoMne bhAratIya saMskRtike ekarUpAtmaka svarUpako sthAyI rakhane meM tathA usakA vikAsa karane meM jo yogadAna diyA hai vaha sarvathA stutya hai| itihAsa aura purAtattva : 159