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________________ Alliteration of the Word-initial consonant in Modern Gujarati Compounds - H. C. Bhayani Like other NIA. Janguages, in Gujarati also alliteration, rhyme, jingle-formation, sound-symbolism, syllable rhythm and onomatopoeia play quite a significant role in the formation of compounds and phrases. Here I would like to draw attention to those compounds which have alliteration of the initial consonant of their constituents. Gujarati has a large class of dvandva ('copulative') compounds'. The compounds described here form its sub-class. Besides the dvandva compounds that can be dissolved with ane ('and') or ke ('or') (i.g. nAnumoTuM nAnuM ane moTuM, or alternatively nAnuM ke moTuM), there is a large class of these compounds which can not be so dissolved. They have got certain notable characteristics. Formally, many of them are marked by various types of rhyhms. Many are reduplicative with vowel-variation of the initial syllable of their first meaningful contituent or are echoic/jingle formations based on the second, meaningful constituent. Secondly many of them are such that the order of their constituents cannot be reversed. They are irreversible binominals. The order of the two constituents is determined either by their syllabic structure or by the importance of their individual meanings from socio-cultural view-point in the discourse situation. As to the meaning, there is a large clan of synonymous compounds, the meaning of many of these compounds is not just the same of the individual meaning of the constituents, but denote these and similar things of actions', 'these and so on and so forth', 'these etc'.
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17 * 33 In numerous cases the meaning of one or both of the constituents is obscure. Besides the alliterative compounds, there are numerous phrases or word-groups which have the alliteration of the initial consonant of their constituents. i.g. kamara kasavI, karamanI kaThaNAI, kaMjUsano kAko, kALA karama, kALo kera, khamI khAvaM, core ne cauTe, juvAna jodha, jUno jogI, DhaLakatI Dhela, tIkhu tamatamatuM, navo nizALiyo, pArakI paMcAta, phajetIno phALako, boDIbAmaNInuM khetara, bhagarI bheMsa, bhuMDu bhUkha, matharAvaTI melI, mIThu madha, moM mItuM karavaM, rAmanA rakhopA-rakhavALAM, rAtuM rANa, rAvaLe rAva, rAMkanuM ratana, rojanI rAmAyaNa. . These are only a few instances from a large class, which requires a separate treatment. The following list of instances is illustrative. With some effort it can be considerably extended. The meaning equivallents given are approximate. As to the sources, some words are loans from Urdu or Hindi. Some are from Sanskrit. Some are from literary discource. Some are dialectal. In the case of a compound which is used now in its secondary or metaphorical meaning, the literal meanings also of the constituents is given where necessary. Where the meaning of one or both of the constituents is obscure, the meaning of the compound only is given. aDI-opaTI difficulty and calamity AIM-avalu crosswise and reverse, topry-turby karavU kAravaq to done, to get done etc. kalama-kitAba pen and book kAcuM-koruM uncooked and dry kATa-kasara cuts and commission kATha-kavADa wood and timber
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17.34 kA[-kUbaDu kAthA-kUTa kAdava-kIcaDa kAbara-kalaha kAma-kAja kuTuMba-kabIlo kola-karAra khaNa-khoda khasa-khUjalI khAnA-kharAbI khAru-khATuM khAMDa-khIra khUna-khAra khoDa-khAMpaNa gaNyu-gAMThyu one-eyed or hunch-back useless labour (lit. pounding catechu) . mud etc. quarrling like mainas work etc. family etc. promise and agreement digging and so-forth ringworm and itch utter ruin salty and sour sugar and milk blood-spilling blemish or blot so few as can be easily counted (lit. countable as knots on a string) abusing common chat of the town (going) to one or another village village or land a nosegary of rose dirty like cowdung terrific due to clouds mALI-galoca gAma-gapAya gAma-gAmataruM (ka) gAma-garAsa gulAba-goye govara-gaMdUM ghanaghora
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________________ cADI-cugalI cAla-calagata cena-cALA chAkama-choLa chAnu-chaparnu chAla-chotarAM chokarAM-chaiyAM jara-jhaverAta jADaM jorAvara jANI-joIne anusaMdhAna-17. 35 back-biting etc. movement, conduct etc. signs and gestures in huge quantity, unbounded such that there are splashes upon splashes hidden or concealed skin and chips children, issues money and jewellary fat and strong knowingly (lit. having known and seen) worms, insects etc. life verbal duspute (lit. 'joining of tongues') young and strong like a soldier force and tyrrany rhyhms and alliteration to dust and strike with a cloth jIva-jaMtu jIva-jAta jIbhA-joDI juvAnajodha jora-julama jhaDa-jhamaka jhaDavU-jhApaTavU jhAkama-jhoLa jhADI-jhAMkharAM jhADa-jhUDa thicket and thorny shrubs to dust and strike
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17.36 jhAMkharAM-jharaDAM yaDha-taDako TAMgA-ToLI or TIMgA-ToLI ToLa-TappA ThAma-ThIkarAM ThAma-ThekAj ThoTha-thApalI DALa-DAMkhaLAM DosA-DagarA DhaMga-dhaDo DhAMko-DhUMbo Dhora-DhAMkhara taLyu-tAvyu tANI-tUsIne tAbaDatoba tithi-tahevAra 'tI-tUrUM thira-thAvara dama-dATI dariyAva-dila thorny shrubs and dried up branches cold and sun lifting by two or four persons of somebody by taking hold of his legs and hands and carry him joking and chating utensils of metal or earthern ones place or address slap or smack branches and trigs aged, dicrepit persons manner and/or balance to cover with a lid cattle and such like fried and baked pulling strongly swiftly holiday and festive day pungent or astrigent firm and stable threat of liberal heart (lit. having sealike heart)
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17. 37 davA-dAru dahI-dUdha duHkha-darda deza-dAjha deza-dezAvara dora-damAma dhaNI-dhorI dharamanI dhajA dharamano dhorI dharama-dhakko dhaMdho-dhApo dhAbaDa-dhIguM dhAma-dhUmathI dhIra-dhAra dhUma-dhaDAkA dhULa-dhANI dhoyu-dhakoyu nAma-nizAna paga-pesAro paDya pAtharyu palaMga-poza pATA-pIDI medicine curds and milk grief and pain patriotic feeling various countries show of rule and power owner and/or master banner of religion highly religious fruitless visit (dharama dharamano charitable or with no return) business and such like fat and hefty with fanfare and flourish lending loud reports/explosions utter ruin washed and clean vigorously name and mark . entering by pushing in the feet staying or remaining habitualy mattress cover bandage recitation of a religious text and worship pATha-pUjA
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17. 38 pANI-paMtho (ghor3o) pANI-pocu / pAlaNa-poSaNa pALavU-poSa, pAMca-paMdara pAMca-pacIza putra-parivAra peTa-pUjA peTI-paTArA phaLa-phUla phATa-phUTa phUla-phAlavU phera-phUdaraDI phero-phAMTo bagala-bacco (a horse) running on the road like flowing water soft due to excessive water (in "cooking) protecting and nourishing to protect and nourish five or fifteen five or twenty-five sons and family filling the belly i.e. eating (lit. paying worship to the belly) small and large boxes fruits and flowers tear and break to put on flowers and fruits whirling round and round visiting now and then underling (lit. like the young of a bird that can be kept under one's armpit) talking frankly one-eyed or stammering-speaking indistinctly baTaka-boluM bADu-bobaDu
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17. 39 bArI-bAraNAM bAla-baccAM bUma-barADA bhalu-bhoLu bhAI-bhAMDu windows and doors children shouting and uproars good and simple brothers and sisters-children of the same parents brother and brother's wife baker using a stove dug in the ground allowance for travelling, boarding and lodging bhAI-bhojAI bhADa jo bhAI-bhaththu bhUla-bhulAmaNI bhaMDA-bhaccA . magara-maccha maNimotI mana-mAnItuM marI-masAlo mAna-marajAdA mAna-martabo mAmaNa-mUMDo mAmA-mAzInAM vulgar words crocodile gem and pearl favourite pipper and spices related as mother's brother's or mother's sister's children love and sense of being one's own love and affction mAyA-mamatA mAyA-mahobata
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17.40 mAla-matA mAla-malIdo mAla-milakata mAMsa-macchI mIThu-maracuM moja-majA moM-mAthu rAkha-rakhAvaTa movable and immovable property rich sweets goods and property meat and fish salt and chili merrymaking and enjoying face/mouth and head preservation and care-taking royal game kind and queen loud shouting and uproar custom form and colour spending profusely (lit. so as lacs are looted) lame and limping rAjaramata rAjA-rANI rIDiyA-ramaNa rIta-rivAja rUpa-raMga lakha-lUTa (kharca) lUTuM-laMgaDuM vaga-vasIlo vana-vagaDo varata-varatolA and vahero-vaMco vaheMcarbu-vATaq vA-vaMToLa vA-vAjhoDu forest and wilderness religious observances vowes difference to distribute gusty and circular wind gale ind hurricilik
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________________ anusaMdhAna-17.41 vAMka-voTa vAMdho-vacako vepAra-vaNaja vera-vikhera vyAja-vaTAva samuM-sAjUM samuM-sUtarUM sAja-zaNagAra sAna-sUjha sAra-saMbhALa sAMcavyu-saMgharyu sukha-sagavaDa hAla-havAla curvature and bent objection or disagreement trade and commerce scattered and dispursed interest and commission in good shape and health straight and easy adornment and ornament understanding and insight caring and serving stored and preserved happiness and comfort sorry state References * P. R. Teraiya : gujarAtI bhASAnA dvirukta prayogo (1970) and the bibliography given in it. * H. C. Bhayani : gujarAtI bhASAnA itihAsanI keTalauka samasyAo (1976) and the references given in it on p. 31. * The present paper is a revised, expanded version of a few sections of the first chapter (pp. 1-32). entitled 'on the structure of Gujarati Words (with Respect to the Description and Origin of Their Echoic, Jingling, Sound-symbolic and Rhythmic Aspects)
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________________ TAUR-99 * 42 Notes 1. For their description see Bhayani, p. 2-4. For a systematic classification see Ibid, the table following p. 16. 2. See Teraiya's book.