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Alliteration of the Word-initial consonant in Modern Gujarati Compounds
- H. C. Bhayani Like other NIA. Janguages, in Gujarati also alliteration, rhyme, jingle-formation, sound-symbolism, syllable rhythm and onomatopoeia play quite a significant role in the formation of compounds and phrases. Here I would like to draw attention to those compounds which have alliteration of the initial consonant of their constituents. Gujarati has a large class of dvandva ('copulative') compounds'. The compounds described here form its sub-class. Besides the dvandva compounds that can be dissolved with अने ('and') or के ('or') (i.g. नानुमोटुं नानुं अने मोटुं, or alternatively नानुं के मोटुं), there is a large class of these compounds which can not be so dissolved. They have got certain notable characteristics.
Formally, many of them are marked by various types of rhyhms. Many are reduplicative with vowel-variation of the initial syllable of their first meaningful contituent or are echoic/jingle formations based on the second, meaningful constituent.
Secondly many of them are such that the order of their constituents cannot be reversed. They are irreversible binominals.
The order of the two constituents is determined either by their syllabic structure or by the importance of their individual meanings from socio-cultural view-point in the discourse situation.
As to the meaning, there is a large clan of synonymous compounds, the meaning of many of these compounds is not just the same of the individual meaning of the constituents, but denote these and similar things of actions', 'these and so on and so forth', 'these etc'.
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अनुसंधान-१७ • 33 In numerous cases the meaning of one or both of the constituents is obscure.
Besides the alliterative compounds, there are numerous phrases or word-groups which have the alliteration of the initial consonant of their constituents. i.g. कमर कसवी, करमनी कठणाई, कंजूसनो काको, काळा करम, काळो केर, खमी खावं, चोरे ने चौटे, जुवान जोध, जूनो जोगी, ढळकती ढेल, तीखु तमतमतुं, नवो निशाळियो, पारकी पंचात, फजेतीनो फाळको, बोडीबामणीनुं खेतर, भगरी भेंस, भुंडु भूख, मथरावटी मेली, मीठु मध, मों मीतुं करवं, रामना रखोपा-रखवाळां, रातुं राण, रावळे राव, रांकनुं रतन, रोजनी रामायण.
. These are only a few instances from a large class, which requires a separate treatment.
The following list of instances is illustrative. With some effort it can be considerably extended.
The meaning equivallents given are approximate. As to the sources, some words are loans from Urdu or Hindi. Some are from Sanskrit. Some are from literary discource. Some are dialectal. In the case of a compound which is used now in its secondary or metaphorical meaning, the literal meanings also of the constituents is given where necessary. Where the meaning of one or both of the constituents is obscure, the meaning of the compound only is given.
अडी-ओपटी difficulty and calamity आईं-अवलु crosswise and reverse, topry-turby करवू कारवq to done, to get done etc. कलम-किताब pen and book काचुं-कोरुं
uncooked and dry काट-कसर
cuts and commission काठ-कवाड wood and timber
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अनुसंधान-१७.34
का[-कूबडु काथा-कूट
कादव-कीचड काबर-कलह
काम-काज
कुटुंब-कबीलो कोल-करार खण-खोद खस-खूजली खाना-खराबी खारु-खाटुं खांड-खीर खून-खार खोड-खांपण गण्यु-गांठ्यु
one-eyed or hunch-back useless labour (lit. pounding catechu) . mud etc. quarrling like mainas work etc. family etc. promise and agreement digging and so-forth ringworm and itch utter ruin salty and sour sugar and milk blood-spilling blemish or blot so few as can be easily counted (lit. countable as knots on a string) abusing common chat of the town (going) to one or another village village or land a nosegary of rose dirty like cowdung terrific due to clouds
माळी-गलोच
गाम-गपाय
गाम-गामतरुं (क) गाम-गरास गुलाब-गोये गोवर-गंदूं घनघोर
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चाडी-चुगली चाल-चलगत चेन-चाळा छाकम-छोळ
छानु-छपर्नु छाल-छोतरां छोकरां-छैयां जर-झवेरात जाडं जोरावर जाणी-जोईने
अनुसंधान-१७. 35 back-biting etc. movement, conduct etc. signs and gestures in huge quantity, unbounded such that there are splashes upon splashes hidden or concealed skin and chips children, issues money and jewellary fat and strong knowingly (lit. having known and seen) worms, insects etc. life verbal duspute (lit. 'joining of tongues') young and strong like a soldier force and tyrrany rhyhms and alliteration to dust and strike with a cloth
जीव-जंतु जीव-जात जीभा-जोडी
जुवानजोध जोर-जुलम झड-झमक झडवू-झापटवू झाकम-झोळ झाडी-झांखरां झाड-झूड
thicket and thorny shrubs to dust and strike
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अनुसंधान-१७.36
झांखरां-झरडां
यढ-तडको टांगा-टोळी
or टींगा-टोळी टोळ-टप्पा ठाम-ठीकरां ठाम-ठेकाj ठोठ-थापली डाळ-डांखळां डोसा-डगरा ढंग-धडो ढांको-ढूंबो ढोर-ढांखर तळ्यु-ताव्यु ताणी-तूसीने ताबडतोब तिथि-तहेवार 'ती-तूरूं थिर-थावर दम-दाटी दरियाव-दिल
thorny shrubs and dried up branches cold and sụn lifting by two or four persons of somebody by taking hold of his legs and hands and carry him joking and chating utensils of metal or earthern ones place or address slap or smack branches and trigs aged, dicrepit persons manner and/or balance to cover with a lid cattle and such like fried and baked pulling strongly swiftly holiday and festive day pungent or astrigent firm and stable threat of liberal heart (lit. having sealike heart)
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अनुसंधान-१७. 37
दवा-दारु
दही-दूध दुःख-दर्द देश-दाझ देश-देशावर दोर-दमाम धणी-धोरी धरमनी धजा धरमनो धोरी धरम-धक्को
धंधो-धापो धाबड-धीगुं धाम-धूमथी धीर-धार धूम-धडाका धूळ-धाणी धोयु-धकोयु नाम-निशान पग-पेसारो पड्य पाथर्यु पलंग-पोश पाटा-पीडी
medicine curds and milk grief and pain patriotic feeling various countries show of rule and power owner and/or master banner of religion highly religious fruitless visit (धरम धरमनो charitable or with no return) business and such like fat and hefty with fanfare and flourish lending loud reports/explosions utter ruin washed and clean vigorously name and mark . entering by pushing in the feet staying or remaining habitualy mattress cover bandage recitation of a religious text and worship
पाठ-पूजा
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अनुसंधान-१७. 38
पाणी-पंथो (घोड़ो)
पाणी-पोचु ।
पालण-पोषण पाळवू-पोष, पांच-पंदर पांच-पचीश पुत्र-परिवार पेट-पूजा
पेटी-पटारा फळ-फूल फाट-फूट फूल-फालवू फेर-फूदरडी फेरो-फांटो बगल-बच्चो
(a horse) running on the road like flowing water soft due to excessive water (in "cooking) protecting and nourishing to protect and nourish five or fifteen five or twenty-five sons and family filling the belly i.e. eating (lit. paying worship to the belly) small and large boxes fruits and flowers tear and break to put on flowers and fruits whirling round and round visiting now and then underling (lit. like the young of a bird that can be kept under one's armpit) talking frankly one-eyed or stammering-speaking indistinctly
बटक-बोलुं बाडु-बोबडु
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अनुसंधान-१७. 39
बारी-बारणां बाल-बच्चां बूम-बराडा भलु-भोळु भाई-भांडु
windows and doors children shouting and uproars good and simple brothers and sisters-children of the same parents brother and brother's wife baker using a stove dug in the ground allowance for travelling, boarding and lodging
भाई-भोजाई भाड जो
भाई-भथ्थु
भूल-भुलामणी भंडा-भच्चा . मगर-मच्छ मणिमोती मन-मानीतुं मरी-मसालो मान-मरजादा मान-मर्तबो मामण-मूंडो मामा-माशीनां
vulgar words crocodile gem and pearl favourite pipper and spices
related as mother's brother's or mother's sister's children love and sense of being one's own love and affction
माया-ममता
माया-महोबत
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अनुसंधान-१७.40
माल-मता माल-मलीदो माल-मिलकत मांस-मच्छी मीठु-मरचुं मोज-मजा मों-माथु
राख-रखावट
movable and immovable property rich sweets goods and property meat and fish salt and chili merrymaking and enjoying face/mouth and head preservation and care-taking royal game kind and queen loud shouting and uproar custom form and colour spending profusely (lit. so as lacs are looted) lame and limping
राजरमत
राजा-राणी रीडिया-रमण रीत-रिवाज रूप-रंग लख-लूट (खर्च)
लूटुं-लंगडुं वग-वसीलो वन-वगडो वरत-वरतोला
and
वहेरो-वंचो वहेंचर्बु-वाटq वा-वंटोळ वा-वाझोडु
forest and wilderness religious observances vowes difference to distribute gusty and circular wind gale ind hurricilik
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अनुसंधान-१७.41
वांक-वोट वांधो-वचको वेपार-वणज वेर-विखेर
व्याज-वटाव
समुं-साजूं समुं-सूतरूं साज-शणगार सान-सूझ सार-संभाळ सांचव्यु-संघर्यु सुख-सगवड हाल-हवाल
curvature and bent objection or disagreement trade and commerce scattered and dispursed interest and commission in good shape and health straight and easy adornment and ornament understanding and insight caring and serving stored and preserved happiness and comfort sorry state
References * P. R. Teraiya : गुजराती भाषाना द्विरुक्त प्रयोगो (1970) and the bibliography given in it. * H. C. Bhayani : गुजराती भाषाना इतिहासनी केटलौक समस्याओ (1976) and the references given in it on p. 31. * The present paper is a revised, expanded version of a few sections of the first chapter (pp. 1-32). entitled 'on the structure of Gujarati Words (with Respect to the Description and Origin of Their Echoic, Jingling, Sound-symbolic and Rhythmic Aspects)
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________________ TAUR-99 * 42 Notes 1. For their description see Bhayani, p. 2-4. For a systematic classification see Ibid, the table following p. 16. 2. See Teraiya's book.