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________________ hiMsA kA svarUpa aura mahatva ahiMsA kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra atyanta vyAvahArika rUpa meM bhI yaha mAnanA hI par3egA ki hama jo kucha kArya karate haiM usake pIche hamArI ekamAtra bhAvAtmaka eSaNA yahI rahatI hai ki hameM sukha ho| usI ke garbha meM yaha niSedhAtmaka eSaNA bhI rahatI hai ki hameM duHkha nahIM ho : -Pe duHkhaM na me svAt sukhameva me sthAt, iti pravRttaH satataM hi lokaH / ( buddhacarita) isa satya ko AdhAra banAkara hI jaina manISiyoM ne ahiMsA ke sukhecchA kI maulika prANipravRtti ko hI purobhAga meM rakhate hue kahA thA : DA0 candranArAyaNa mizra vyavahAra kI upAdeyatA batalAI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne sabbe jIvA vi icchanti jIviDaM na marIjiuM / tanhA pANiva poraM niAMcA vacapaMtiNaM // saba jInA cAhate haiM, maranA koI nahIM cAhatA hai| yaha eka aisI naisargika aura sahaja pravRtti hai jisako inakArA nahIM jA sakatA hai / yaha eka aise sAdhAraNa anubhava kI bAta hai jo vyakti se lekara samAja aura rASTra taka para lAgU hai / vastutaH yaha sRSTi ke vidhAna kA hI eka Avazyaka preraka tattva haiM ki hama jInA cAhate haiM / dUsare rUpa meM ise yoM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki prakRti ne hameM jIne kA maulika adhikAra diyA hai| isa adhikAra ko yadi koI jabarana chInane kA prayAsa karatA hai to vaha ghora anyAya karatA hai, pApa karatA hai / zAzvata prakRti-dharma ke viruddha kA AcaraNa anyAya aura pApa nahIM to aura kyA ? itanA hI nahIM, prakRti jina niyamoM meM Abaddha hokara paricAlita hotI haiM usakA yadi koI ullaMghana karatA hai to use prakRti ke Akroza kA bhAgI bananA hI par3atA hai| yaha Akroza kisI ko kSamA nahIM karatA / Akroza kAryazIla hokara asantulana kI sthiti utpanna karatA hai| ho jAtA hai, arthAt usake samparka meM Ae anya binduoM ko bhI prabhAvita kara detA hai / kA tA~tA laga jAtA hai| isI ko vyaktigata athavA sAmAjika jIvana meM azAnti kI sthiti kahate haiM / sAtha hI, eka bindu para kA asantulana sarvatra vyApta asantulana kI kriyA-pratikriyA aisI hotI hai ki kSobhoM isake virodha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jisa jIne kI mUla pravRtti kI carcA kI gayI hai usI kA yaha bhI to eka upaniyama hai ki 'jIvo jIvasya ghAtakaH' / vikAsavAda ke navIna pakSapAtI isI ko survival of the fittest kI saMjJA dete haiM / yoga bhASyakAra ne isI prakAra ke eka prAcIna mata ko uddhRta kiyA hai jisakA kahanA hai ki jaba taka anya prANiyoM kI hatyA na kI jAya taba taka sAMsArika upabhoga sambhava nahIM ho sakatA hai nAnupahatya bhUtAnyupabhogaH bhavatIti hisAyojyasti zArIraH karmAzaya iti / (yogamAdhya, 2 / 15 ) yaha to anubhava siddha hI hai ki bar3e-bar3e vijetAoM ke vijaya stambha kI nIMva dhaniyoM kI gaganacumbI aTTAlikAe~ daridroM ko jhopar3iyoM ko dharAzAyI kara banAI gaI binA sambhava hI nahIM hai / sAMsArika jIvana ko daur3a meM vahI Age nikala sakatA hai jo sAtha dharma evaM AcAra anaginata naramuNDoM para khar3I kI gayI aura kisI bhI mahatvAkAMkSA kI pUrti paravIna ke daur3ane vAloM ko dhakkA dekara girA sakatA 85
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________________ haiN| aisA bhI vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki mahatvAkAMkSA ke binA sabhyatA Age bar3ha hI nahIM sakatI hai aura usakI saMtuSTi ke lie pratispardhA kI sakriyatA Avazyaka hai| pratispardhA meM saphalatA ke lie apane pratispadhiyoM kA kisI na kisI prakAra se damana karanA anivArya hai| damana meM parapIr3ana hogA hii| isa prakAra manuSya ke jIvana se hiMsA ke bhAva ko haTAnA eka madhura kalpanAmAtra hai| mAnava dharma ke rUpa meM ahiMsA pAzcAtya vikAsavAdiyoM kA yaha tarka ApAtataH prabhAvotpAdaka lagatA hai kintu isakA khokhalApana svayaM isakA hI viparyasta AdhAra-vAkya prakaTa kara detA hai / vadi vanya niyama (Rule of jungle) ko sabhya jIvana kA bhI mAnaka mAnA jAya to sabhyatA kA rUpa hI vikRta ho jaaegaa| mAtsyanyAya' ke dvArA mAnava jIvana kI nIti ko nirdhArita karane para sabhyatA aura saMskRti kI gati Urdhvamukha na hokara adhomukha ho jaaegii| DArvina ke pakSapAtI pazu evaM manuSya meM kevala parimANAtmaka bheda mAnane haiM kintu bhAratIya vicAra unameM guNAtmaka bhinnatA dekhatA hai / arastu ke anusAra pazu ke sAtha manuSya kI bhinnatA isalie hai ki manuSya meM buddhi hai arthAt usameM yuktizIlatA kA guNa hai- Man is a rational animal yaha guNa pazu meM nahIM mAnA gayA hai| dakAta to pazu ko mAtra sajIva mazIna mAnate haiN| kintu bhAratIya vicAra ke anusAra tAratamyajanya bhinnatA bhale hI hoM kintu pazuoM meM bhI buddhi hai avazya-buddhirasti samastasya jantoviSayagocare (mArkaNDeya puraann)| vAstadhika bheda to isa viSaya ko lekara hai ki pazuoM meM vivekajanya karttavya kI bhAvanA nahIM rahatI jo manuSyoM meM hotI hai : AhAranidAbhayamaithunaJca sAmAnyametat pazubhirnarANAm / dharmo hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo dharmeNa honAH pazubhiH samAnAH / (hitopadeza) isa prasaMga meM karttavya zabda kA artha 'mAnavIya kartavya' samajhanA cAhie / jo mAnavIya kartavya hai vahI dharma hai / cUki kucha aise kartavya hote haiM jinake dvArA samagra jIvana kA lakSya siddha hotA hai isalie unakA eka nAma 'dharma' hai (yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasasiddhiH sa dhrmH)| ye karttavya aise haiM jinakA dhAraNa atyAvazyaka hai (dhAraNAddharmamityAhuH) / yadi unakA dhAraNa na ho to samAja meM avyavasthA chA jAegI dharmo dhArayati prajAH), aura sabhyatA vizRkhalita ho jaaegii| jise hama saMskRti kahate haiM, usakI prApti asaMbhava ho jaaegii| saMskRti kisI manuSya-samAja kA hotI hai, pazu-samudAya kI nhiiN| sabhyatA ke patha para bar3hate hue mAnava samAja ne aba taka jina mUlyoM kA sthApana kiyA hai ve hI usakI saMskRti kI upalabdhiyA~ haiN| pazu kI aisI koI upalabdhi nahIM hotI hai| pazu sAdhAraNatayA daihika AvazyakatAoM se prerita hokara kriyAzIla honA hai kintu manuSya kI kriyAzIlatA kA preraka ghaTaka bauddhika evaM AdhyAtmika tatvoM ke prati usakI unmakhatA hai| bAibila kA nimnalikhita kathana isI Azaya ko vyakta karatA hai : Blessed are those who feel their spiritual need, for the kingdom of Heaven belongs to them. sAdhAraNa prANI kI bhUkha-pyAsa anna-jala se zAnta ho jAtI hai kintu ina daihika AvazyakatAoM ke atirikta manuSya kI eka pRthaka bubhukSA aura kRpA hotI hai jo subhadra tattvoM kI upalabdhi se hI zamita ho sakatI hai Blessed are those who are hungry and thirsty for uprightness, for they will be satisfied ! (Bible, The New Testament.) - itanI bar3I bhinnatA kI khAI ko dekhate hue bhI yadi hama manuSya ko eka sAdhAraNa nimnavargIya prANI ke samakakSa rakha kara prANImAtra ko eka hI niyama meM Abaddha karane kA prayAsa kareM to hamArA niSkarSa avazya hI bhrAntigrasta hogaa| isI prakAra kI bhrAntigrastatA kA eka namUnA upayukta vicAra hai jisameM hisAvRtti ko sAdhAraNa jIvana nirvAha ke lie bhI anivArya mAnA gayA hai| isameM koI matAntara nahIM hai ki manuSya eka prANI hai| parantu vaha aisA nimnastara kA prANo nahIM hai jisameM ucita-anucita ke jJAna kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / jisa prANI meM aisA jJAna nahIM rahatA hai usake kisI karma para ucita-anucita kA nirNaya bhI nahIM diyA jA sakatA hai| bacce meM ukta prakAra ke jJAna ke abhAva ke kAraNa yadi pracalita artha meM usase koI apakarma bhI kiyA jAtA to usa para na to pUNyapApa kA nirNaya liyA jAtA hai aura na vaha kimI zAstradaNDa athavA rAjadaNDa kA hI bhAgI samajhA jAtA hai| usI prakAra biccha yadi kisI ko DaMka mAra detA to usakA bhI karma acche bure kI paridhi se bAhara hI ginA jAtA hai kyoMki vaisA to usakA svabhAva hI hai| 86 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ use yaha samajhane kI kSamatA nahIM hotI ki kitane pratibaddha karma ke lie use kyA karanA cAhie athavA usake DaMka mArane kA dUsare para kyA pariNAma hotA hai / parantu usI prakAra svAbhAvika karma hone ke bahAne kisI hatyAre manuSya ko hatyA ke daMDa se mukti nahIM mila sakatI hai| pariNAma ke pUrva jJAna ke uparAnta hI jJAnasaMyukta vyakti kA koI aicchika karma hotA hai| dAruNa kaSTa dene athavA jAna lene ke lie hI koI hiMsaka manuSya prahAra karatA hai| vaha apane vyApAra ke pUrvagAmI aura pazcAdbhAvI pariNAmoM kI pUrI jAnakArI rakhatA hai / svabhAvataH aise jJAna kA nahIM rahanA koI doSa nahIM hai, kintu jJAnabhAgI hokara bhI aucitya kA ullaMghana karanA aparAdha aura pApa hai| isI bheda ke kAraNa pazu vyavahAra aura mAnava-vyavahAra meM bhI bhinnatA hai| 'adale kA badalA' pazu-dharma hai kintu 'aparAdha ke badale kSamA' yaha mAnava dharma hai| kSamA kA udbhava ahiMsA se hI hai| isI tathya para bala dete hue karuNAvatAra IsAmasIha ne zikSA dI thIM : You have heard that they were told 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth' But I shall tell you not to resist injury, but if any one strikes you on your right cheek, turn the other to him too; and if any one wants to sue you for your shirt, let him have your coat too. And if any one forces you to go one mile, go two miles with him. If any one begs from you, give to him, and when any one wants to borrow from you, do not turn away (Bibie ). vAstavika manuSya vahI hai jo mAnava dharma kA pAlana karatA hai| aura, mAnavadharma ke pAlana kA artha hotA hai ahiMsAvrata kA pAlana / isalie koI bhI manuSya kisI prakAra kI hiMsA ke karma se sambaddha ho aura adharma athavA anaucitya ke doSa se barI ho, aisA nahIM ho sakatA / manuSya ko anya prANiyoM kA siramaura isalie kahA gayA hai ki vaha jJAna ke vikAsa kI dizA meM sabase Age hai / parantu jJAna svayaM apane meM lakSya nahIM hai; vaha to sAdhanamAtra hai| yahAM jJAna zabda se hamArA tAtparya vAstavika jJAna se hai| vAstavika jJAna vaha hai jo samyak AsthA aura niSThA para AdhArita ho evaM jo vizuddha mAnavocita caritra nirmANa kI ora unmukha karatA ho / antima lakSya hai caritra nirmANa, zuSka jJAna nahIM / isalie kahA bhI gayA hai ki zAstrANyadhItyApi bhavanti mUrkhA yastu kriyAvAn puruSaH sa vidvAna andhasya ki hastatalasthito'pi prakAzayatyarthamiha pradIpaH / (hitopadeza ) ukta prakAra kI niSThA aura jJAna ke dvArA jisa caritra kA nirmANa hotA hai vahI niHzreyasa kA bhI adhikArI hotA hai : samyajJAna darzana pArivANi mokSamArgaH ( umAsvAmI kRta tatvArtha sUtra ) parantu ina saboM kI jar3a meM hai mana, vacana aura karma kI ekAtmakatA / yadi hama svIkArate haiM aura samajhate bhI haiM ki ahiMsA kA pAlana mAnavadharma haiM to isako hameM apane dainandina vyavahAra meM utAranA cAhie / kevala mukha se aisA kahanA ki 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' athavA mAtra isake mahatva ko vicAra ke hI stara taka rakhanA pAkhaNDa hai-jJAnaM bhAra: kriyAM binA / yaha bhI eka sambhAvanA hai ki bahutere loga paramparAgata rUpa meM hI 'ahiMsA parama dharma hai' isa vAkya ko Dhote A rahe haiN| ahiMsA ke vAstavika rUpa se ve vastutaH aparicita rahate haiN| isalie isa bAta kI AvazyakatA pratIta hotI hai ki aise logoM ke lie ahiMsA kI eka saMkSipta paricayAtmaka rUparekhA prastuta kI jAya / ahiMsA kA niSedhAtmaka aura bhAvAtmaka pakSa : mahAvIra svAmI ne sabhI prANiyoM ke prati saMyama rakhane ko ahiMsA kahA hai-ahiMsA niuNA diTTA, samyabhUesa saMgamo ( da kAlika, 6-8 ) / yahAM prANiyoM ke prati saMyama kA artha hai unake prati akuzalamUlaka kAryoM se bcnaa| isa vicAra kI vyAkhyA vyAsabhASya meM adhika paricchinnatA se kI gayI hai| isameM sabhI prakAra se saba samaya prANimAtra ke prati aniSTa cintana ke abhAva ko ahiMsA gayA hai : tatrA'hiMsA sarvathA sarvadA sarvabhUtAnAmanabhidroha: ( vyAsabhASya 2 / 30 ) ahiMsA hiMsA kA virodhI bhAva hai, ataH svayaM hiMsA ke svarUpa para eka vihaMgama dRSTi DAlanA Avazyaka jAna par3atA hai prakAra kA prANipIr3ana hiMsA kahalAtA hai / sAdhAraNa vyavahAra meM prANivadha ko hiMsA kahate haiN| yaha hiMsA hai avazya, kintu itanA hI bhara jaina dharma evaM AcAra 87
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________________ hiMsA nahIM hai| sAtha hI, kevala vahI hiMsA kA doSI nahIM hai jo sAkSAt rUpa se prANI kI hiMsA karatA hai / sAkSAt athavA paramparayA kisI bhI rUpa meM yadi kisI jIvadhArI ko kaSTa pahuMcAyA jAtA hai to vaha hiMsA kA udAharaNa hotA hai| kRta, kArita aura anumoditaye tIna hiMsA ke prArambhika bheda haiN| koI hiMsA aisI hotI hai jo karttA ke dvArA sAkSAt rUpa se kI jAtI hai, jaise kisI vyAdhA ke dvArA kisI pazu athavA pakSI kI hatyA / parantu yadi koI vyakti svayaM hiMsA nahIM karatA balki dUsare ke dvArA karavAtA hai to usameM bhI usakA preraka karma hiMsA kI hI koTi meM AtA hai| phalataH kisI kI AjJA ke dvArA yadi hatyA kI jAtI hai to AjJA dene vAlA bhI hiMsaka hI khlaaegaa| tIsarA bheda vaha hai jo na kRta hai aura na kArita ho, kintu jisakI svIkRti bhara dI gayI ho / kisI prANI ke vadha kA virodha karane ke bajAya yadi yaha kahA jAya ki 'ThIka hai' to isa prakAra kI svIkRti ko anumodita hatyA kheNge| inameM se pratyeka ko lobha, krodha aura moha ke bheda se punaH tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai| lobha-janya hatyA yA hiMsA kA udAharaNa mAMsa aura camar3e ke lie bakare Adi kA vadha hai / kisI apakAra kA badalA lene ke lie jo vadha kiyA jAtA hai vaha krodhajanya hiMsA kA udAharaNa hotA hai / phira hone ke kAraNa musalamAnoM ne bhAratavarSa meM Akara hinduoM kA jo katleAma kiyA vaha mohajanya hiMsA kA udAharaNa hai kyoMki isa prakAra kI hatyA kA kAraNa bhramAtmaka buddhi hI hai / phira mRdutA, madhyatA aura tIvratA ke ApekSika bheda ke kAraNa pratyeka kA mRdu-mRdu, madhyamRdu, tIvramRdu; mRdumadhya, madhyamadhya, tIvramadhya; mRdutIvra, madhyatIvra evaM adhimAtratIvra Adi ke bheda se ikyAsI prakAra kI hiMsA kahI gayI hai| yaha bhI digdarzanamAtra hai / prANiyoM kI saMkhyA ananta hai; ataH hiMsA kA prakAra bhI asaMkhyeya ho sakatA hai : vitaka hisAdayaH kRtakAritAnumoditA lobha-kAMdhamohapUrvakA madamadhyA'dhimAtrA duHkhAjJAnAnantatA iti pratipakSa bhAvanam - yogasUtra 3/34 ina sabhI hiMsAoM se bacanA hI ahiMsA hai / yoM to ahiMsA zabda sAdhAraNatayA aura svarUpataH bhI niSedhAtmaka pravRtti ke artha meM vyavahRta hotA AyA hai| parantu arthataH yaha abhAvarUpa nahIM hai / vastutaH isake artha kA bAhyarUpa AbhAvAtmaka aura Abhyantara rUpa bhAvAtmaka evaM vidhiparaka hai| isalie yaha kahanA upayukta hogA ki eka hI ahiMsAvicAra ke do pakSa haiN| prathama meM prANiyoM ke prati pratikUla yA akuzalamUlAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA niSedha hai to dvitIya meM kuzalamUlAtmaka pravRttiyoM kA svataH vidhAna hai ahiMsA ke isa prakAra mahatvagabhita hone ke kAraNa hI satya, asteya, brahmamayaM aparigraha ke yamaniyamoM ke mUla meM isake astitva ko mAnA gayA hai-- uttare ca yamaniyamAstanmUlA - ( vyAsabhASyaM 2 / 30 ) yaha eka aisA mahAvrata hai jo dezakAla kI bhinnatAoM dvArA avacchinna hokara sarvatra eka rUpa se lAgU hai / jAti-deza-kAlasamavA'navacchinnAH sArvabhaumA mahAvratam / yogasUtra 2 / 31 yoM to vedoM meM bhI 'mA hisyAt sarvabhUtAni jaise ahamA pratipAdaka vAkya milate hI hai, kintu mImAMsaka isa sAmAnya-mAstra machue 1 kA virodha 'agnISomIyaM pazumAlabheta' jaise vizeSa zAstra ke dvArA mAnakara kAdAcitka hiMsA kA bhI samarthana karate haiN| parantu pIche calakara prAyaH jaina evaM bauddha vicAroM se prabhAvita hokara sAMkhya evaM yoga jaise vaidika darzanoM ne bhI ahiMsA meM apavAda kA virodha kiyA (sAMkhyatattva kaumudI, 2) eka vyAvahArika vicAra yaha bhI prastuta kiyA gayA hai ki kisI jAtivizeSa ke vyavasAya meM huI hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM samajhA jAya jaise ke lie machalI mArane meM hiMsA ko usI prakAra puNyatIrtha (kAmI, prayAga Adi) aura puSyadina ( caturdazI Adi) meM hisA kA varjana kiyA gayA evaM kisI puNyakArya ke lie kI gayI hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM samajhA gayA / parantu vyAsabhASya ne isa vicAra kA khaNDana kara yaha nizcita kiyA hai ki ahiMsA meM kisI bhI prakAra kA vyabhicAra sambhava nahIM hai kyoMki yaha to eka sArvabhauma vrata hai (vyAsabhASya, 2/31) / ahiMsA ke jisa bhAvAtmaka pahalU kI carcA kI gayI hai usameM prAyaH sabhI sattvAtmaka guNoM kA samAveza ho jAtA hai, phira bhI una saboM meM pramukha sthAna kRpAbhAva kA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki jainoM ke praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM ahiMsA ko dayA bhI kahA gayA hai| isI ko anukampA yA kRpA bhI kahate haiN| kisI prANI ko pratikUla samvedana se anukUla samvedana kI sthiti meM dekhane ke lie sahAnubhUtipUrNa antaHpreraNA ko dayA kI saMjJA dI gayI hai : 88 anukampA kRpA / yathA sarve eva sattvAH sukhArthino duHkhaprahANArthinazca tato naiSAmalpApi pIr3A mayA kAryeti / ahiMsA ke garbha meM bhI yahI bhAvanA hotI hai-- ahiMsA sAnukampA ca / ( praznavyAkaraNa TIkA, 1 saM0 ) / ( dharma saMgraha, adhi0 2 ) AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana ka
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________________ ataH dapA ahiMsA kA hI bhAvAtmaka pahalU hai| yogabhASya meM ahiMsA ko sabhI mahAvratoM kA AdhAra kahA gayA hai| uttarAdhyayana vRtti (1-11) ne bhI ahiMsA ko dharma kA mUla kahA hai kyoMki usI kA bhAvAtmaka pakSa dayA kA rUpa hai (dharma:......... pUrNadayAmayapra vRttirUpatvAdahiMsAmUlaH) / usI artha me 'dharmaratna prakaraNa' ne bhI dayA ko dharma kA mUla kahA hai kyoMki anya sabhI anuSThAna usI ke anugAmI haiM mUlaM dhammassa dayA, tayaNagayaM savvamevA'naTThANaM / TI0-mUlamAdyakAraNaM dharmasya uktanirutkasya dayA prANirakSA / prasiddha jainAgama bhagavatIsUtra ne dayA kA jo varNana kiyA hai usase bhI yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ahiMsA ko dayA kA samAnArthaka mAnA gayA hai| isameM kahA gayA hai ki 'jIvamAtra ko kaSTa nahIM denA, zoka meM nahIM DAlanA, rodana evaM azru pAta karane kA hetu nahIM honA, tAr3ana nahIM karanA, bhaya nahIM dikhAnA, anukampA ke rUpa haiM (bhagavatI sUtra, 6-7) / pAribhASika rUpa meM ahiMsA kA bhI svarUpa to yahI hai / punaH 'dayA, saMyama, lajjA, jugupsA, kapaTahInatA, titikSA, ahiMsA aura hrI'-ina saboM ko samAnArthaka kahA gayA hai bayA ya saMjame lajjA, duguMchA acchalaNAdi ya / titikkhA ya ahiMsA ya, hirIti egaTThiyA padA / (uttarAdhyayana niyukti, a0 3) isase yaha spaSTa ho jAnA cAhie ki jaina vicAra meM ahiMsA kA kSetra kitanA vyApaka hai| isakI isI vyApakatA aura dharma ke mUla meM hone ke kAraNa jahA~ kahIM dharma ke tattvoM ko ginAyA gayA vahA~ ahiMsA kI carcA prArambha meM hI kI gyii| yaha viSaya vaidika aura avaidika donoM darzanoM ke prasaMga meM samAna rUpa se satya hai / udAharaNa ke lie manu kI nimnalikhita ukti ko leM : ahiMsA satyamasteyaM zaucamindriyanigrahaH / etaM sAmAsika dharma cAturvaNrye'bravItmanaH // (manusmRti-10/63) ahiMsA satyamasteyaM tyAgo mithunavarjanam / paMcasveteSu dharmeSu sarve dharmAH prtisstthitaaH|| bhAratIya vAGamaya meM isa pracalita kathana se sabhI suparicita haiM ki vedavyAsa ke aThArahoM purANoM kA Azaya ahiMsA kA hI upadeza hai aSTAdazapurANeSu vyAsasya vacanadvayam / paropakAraH pugyAya pApAya parapIr3anam / / jaina AcAra-vicAra kA to ahiMsA mUlamantra hI hai| isalie svarga, mokSa Adi kI upalabdhi ke jitane sAdhana haiM unameM ise sarvapradhAna kahA gayA hai / vastuta: anya vratoM kA upadeza bhI isI ke saMrakSaNa ke lie kiyA gayA hai : ahisaiSA matA mukhyA svargamokSaprasAdhanI / etat-saMrakSaNArtha ca nyAyyaM satyAdipAlanam / / (hAribhadrIya aSTaka) jaina vicAra kI asala phasala ahiMsA hI hai| satyAdi pAlana ke niyama to usakI rakSA ke lie kevala ber3e kA kAma karate haiM : ahiMsAzasyasaMrakSaNe vRttikalpatvAt satyAdivatAnAm (vhiiN)| kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki dharma ke aura jitane vrata, niyama Adi haiM ve sabhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM ahiMsA-rUpI aMgI ke hI aMga haiN| sukhopandhi kA bIja ahiMsA hai manuSya kA jIvana sukha aura duHkha donoM kA sammilita anubhava hai| jaba taka koI sAdhAraNa jIvana ke anubhava ke kSetra meM rahatA hai taba taka ye donoM anubhava avazyambhAvI haiM / parantu aihika jIvana meM koI sAdhAraNa vyakti 'kevalI' nahIM ho sakatA arthAt use anya vyaktiyoM kI bhI apekSA rahatI hai / arastU ne ThIka hI kahA thA ki manuSya eka sAmAjika prANI hai| samAja meM rahane kA artha yaha hai ki use apane samakakSa anya vyaktiyoM ke sAtha rahanA par3atA hai / samAja kI kalpanA hama prANisamAja ke rUpa meM kareM to samAja kA kSetra aura bhI vyApaka ho jAtA hai| isa kSetra meM sthita pratyeka vyakti ko anya ke sAtha kisI na kisI sambandha kI sthApanA karake hI rahanA par3atA jaina dharma evaM AcAra
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________________ hai| hamAre sukha-duHkha ke kAraNa sAmAnyatayA inhIM sambandhoM ke rUpa para nirbhara karate haiM / isI prasaMga meM yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hai ki jaina aura bauddha darzana isa tathya meM vizvAsa karate haiM ki apane sukha-duHkha ke nirmANakartA hama svayaM haiM / karmavAda para aTUTa vizvAsa evaM AsthA rakhate hue jaina dArzanikoM kA yaha mantavya hai ki jo bhI hamAre sukha-duHkha ke anubhava haiM ve sabhI apane hI karma ke phala haiN| jaisI karanI vaisI bharanI / jo Ama kA paudhA lagAegA use amRtaphala rasAla milegA, kintu jo babUla kA paudhA lagAegA use to nizcitarUpega kA~Te hI mileMge, yaha anubhava-siddha hai| vijJAna evaM darzana bhI isa kAryakAraNavAda kI anivAryatA para vizvAsa karate haiM ki kArya evaM kAraNa meM sajAtIyatA hotI hai aura kriyA ke anurUpa pratikriyA bhI hotI hai / kahane kA tAtparya yaha ki koI bhI aisA karma nahIM hotA jo kisI anya karma ke rUpa meM pratiphalita nahIM hotA ho| isa sAmAnya niyama kI pRSThabhUmi meM aba hama apanI mUlaprakRti para punaH dRSTipAta kreN| isakA nirdeza prasaMgavaza prArambha meM hI kara diyA gayA hai ki hama svabhAvataH sukha kI prApti aura duHkha kI nivRtti kI kAmanA karate haiM / maraNatrAsa sabase baDA bhaya hai aura jIvana sabase priya vastu hotI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isI jIvana ke preraka mUlatattva ko apanI dezanA kA AdhAra banAkara kahA hai savve pANA piyAuyA suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA appiyavahA / piyajIviNo jIviukAmA savesi jIviyaM piyaM // (AcArAMga sUtra 1/2/3/63-64) uparyukta satya ko anivArya rUpa se mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| taba phira karma kI bAta AtI hai ki kauna se aise karma haiM jinake dvArA upayukta icchA kI yathAvat pUtti ho sakatI hai| iSTa karma kI prApti aniSTa karma ke mAdhyama se nahIM ho sakatI hai| ataH kisI anya ko sukha dekara hI koI svayaM bhI sukhI ho sakatA hai, anyathA nahIM : sarvANi sattvAni sukhe ratAni, duHkhAcca sarvANi samudvijanti / tasmAt sukhArthI sukhameva dadyAt, sukhapradAtA labhate sukhAni // (sUtrakRtAMgavRtti) isako samajhane ke lie ki hamArA kaunasA karma auroM ke lie priya athavA apriya hogA hameM kahIM anyatra jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / yaha svasaMvedya hai-hama apane Apa se pUchakara yaha samajha sakate haiM ki kyA priya (ahiMsAtmaka) aura kyA apriya (hiMsAtmaka) hai| hameM jo vyavahAra svayaM nahIM rucatA use dUsaroM ke prati nahIM karanA hai : AtmanaH pratikUlAni na pareSAM samAcaret / (upAsakAdhyayana, bhA. I, zlo. 267) yahI ahiMsA-saMhitA kA prathama mUlamantra hai| ahiMsA ke vyavahAra ko anya prANiyoM ke prati bhI prasArita karane ke lie hamArI sattvAtmaka vati svayaM hameM utprerita karatI hai| isI ko kitane sahajabhAva se eka sAdhu-hRdaya ke svAnubhUtipUrNa udgAra ne yoM prakaTa kiyA hai: prANA yathAtmano'bhISTAH bhUtAnAmapi te tthaa| Atmaupamyena bhUteSu dayAM kurvanti sAdhavaH // (hitopadeza) ahiMsA kA eka pakSa yaha bhI hai ki isake pariNAmasvarUpa bhaya kA nivAraNa apane Apa ho jAtA hai| jainAgama meM ise eka mArmika kathAnaka ke dvArA samajhAyA gayA hai| mahArAja saMyati mRgayA ke lie eka bAra jaMgala meM gye| vahA~ eka mRga para unhoMne tIra chodd'aa| tIra ThikAne lagA, parantu vaha maga bidhe hae tIra ke sAtha eka samAdhistha muni ke Age jA girA / saMyati usakA pIchA karate hue jaba vahA~ Ae to RSi ke zApa ke bhaya ke kAraNa kA~pane lage / RSi kA dhyAna TUTA to apane aparAdha ke lie saMyati unase bArambAra kSamAyAcanA karane lage / bhayabhIta mahArAja kI yaha sthiti dekhakara RSi ne zAntabhAva se unheM sambodhita karate hue kahA, 'rAjan maiM to tumheM abhayadAna detA hI hUM, sAtha hI yaha bhI tujhase kahatA hUM ki tU bhI abhayadAtA bana / isa choTe se jIvana meM prANiyoM kA pIr3ana kara tU svayaM kaise sukhI raha pAegA?': abhayo patthivA tumbhaM abhayaMdAyA bhavAhi ya / agicce jovalogammi kiM hiMsAye pasajjasi / / AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhimandana grantha
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________________ isa vAkya kA asara mahArAja saMyati para jAdU ke samAna huA aura unhoMne usI dina se mRgayA para jAnA chor3a diyaa| bhaya sukha kA cora hai kyoMki bhaya kA vAtAvaraNa azAnti kI sthiti ko utpanna karatA hai jisameM sukha kI koI AzA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| isalie sukha ke lie abhaya kI jananI ahiMsA kA sthApana nitAnta Avazyaka hai| kriyA-pratikriyA kA niyama aisA hai ki binA ahiMsA kA bhAva rakhe hama svayaM bhI vastutaH sukhI rahane kI kalpanA nahIM kara sakate haiN| koI balazAlI nirbala ko satAtA hai| parantu balazIlatA aura nirbalatA nirapekSa bhAva nahIM haiM / kisI balazAlI ko apane se adhika balavAna ke phera meM par3ane para nirbala kI taraha durgati kA bhAgI bananA par3atA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha bhI hai ki nirbala sadA nirbala hI nahIM rahatA-'mare baila ke cAma se loha bhasma ha jAya' / eka samaya aisA bhI AtA hai jaba nirbala kI 'Aha' saMghaTita hokara pracaNDa AghAta karatI hai / saMsAra kI vibhinna hisaka krAntiyA~ isakA sAkAra udAharaNa haiN| parantu yaha bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA hai ki isa prakAra kI krAntiyAM samasyAoM kA antima samAdhAna nahIM kara pAI haiM / vaimanasya, dveSa, krodha, apamAna, lobha Adi kI jar3a unmUlita na to ho pAIM aura na ukta mArga se ho hI sakatI haiM / ve kanda rUpa meM antahita rahatI haiM aura upayukta avasara pAkara prArambhika rUpa ko grahaNa kara letI haiM / yahIM para prAcIna bhAratIya vicAra kI navIna sAmyavAdI vicAra se bhinnatA hai| navIna sAmyavAdI vicAra mukhyataH Arthika samatA ke siddhAnta para AdhArita hai, aura vahAM Arthika samatA kI sthiti ko lAne ke lie hiMsA kI nIti kA avalambana tyAjya nahIM samajhA jAtA hai| bhAratIya vicAra ke anusAra atyanta maulika evaM vyApaka artha meM sabhI prANiyoM meM sAmya hai| ajJAna athavA moha meM par3akara loga isa satya ko bhUle rahate haiN| isalie AvazyakatA isa bAta kI haiM ki pavitra sAdhanoM ke dvArA apavitra moha ke andhakAra ko haTAyA jAya aura isa satya kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA jAya ki sabhI prANI samAna haiM / gItA kahatI hai : vidyAvinayasampanne brAhmaNe gavi hastini / zuni caiva zvapAke ca paMDitAH samadazinaH / / (gItA-5/18) isa satya ke anubhava ke lie jina pavitra sAdhanoM kI carcA hamane kI hai unakA utsa ahiMsA kI bhUmi meM hI hai| ahiMsA mAnava-saMskRti kI sarvotkRSTa upalabdhi hai-- hajAroM varSoM kI sabhyatA ke anubhavoM ke bAda mAnava ne jIvana ke jina saumya tattvoM kA anveSaNa kiyA, ve usake dhArmika vizvAsoM meM saMrakSita rakkhe gaye haiN| bhAratIya dhArmika vizvAsa kA artha andhavizvAsa kabhI nahIM samajhanA cAhie kyoMki jina AdarzoM para yahA~ dhArmika AsthA kI muhara lagI hai ve vastutaH zatAbdiyoM ke manana-cintana ke pariNAma haiM / sabhyatA ke rUpa meM utAra-car3hAva Ate rahe haiM kyoMki aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kI gati unnati evaM avanati, donoM hI dizAoM meM rahI haiM / vizvaitihAsa ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai ki kisI kAla-vizeSa meM ghaTanAoM kA krama sampUrNa vizva meM eka hI prakAra kA rahA hai| isI krama ke mUlyAMkana se usa kAla meM sabhyatA kI sthiti kA patA calatA hai| TAyanabI Adi itihAsa-darzana ke prasiddha vidvAna mAnate haiM ki mAnavasabhyatA ke prArambha se lekara Aja taka ke samaya ke bIca kevala eka paramotkarSa kA vindu AyA hai jisakA kAla bhArata meM upaniSatkAla se lekara mahAtmA mahAvIra evaM buddha ke dharma pracAra kI avadhi taka kA hai| isake kendra-bindu ko I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM mAnA gayA hai jo moTAmoTI svAmI mahAvIra kA AvirbhAvakAla hai| itihAsadarzana ke sAhitya meM isa kAla ko dhurINakAla (Axial Period) kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| usa kAla meM mAnavatA ne jina tattvoM kI khoja kI, usI ke caturdika Aja bhI usake Adarza ke cakra ghUma rahe haiN| usake Age kisI anya navIna tattva kI upalabdhi nahIM ho sako hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki ukta samaya ko 'dhurINa' kAla kahA gayA hai| ye tattva mUlata: upaniSadoM meM mukharita hue the kintu karmakANDa ne paravartIloka meM unheM Avata kara diyA thaa| unheM phira Age lAkara punaH sabala karane kA zreya bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM mahAtmA buddha ko hai / hama pUrvapRSThoM meM yaha pradarzita kara hI cuke haiM ki unhoMne jIvana ke jina saumya tattvoM para bala diyA unameM ahiMsA sarvapramukha hai kyoMki anya sabhI AdarzoM kI jananI yahI hai| mAnavasabhyatA ke bhaviSya kA prakAza yahI hai| aneka ThokareM khAne ke bAda anta meM mAnava-samAja ko samagrarUpa se usa bhagavatI ahiMsA ke zaraNa meM AnA hI par3egA jo prANimAtra ke lie kalyANa kI prasavinI hai : ___ esA bhagavatI ahiMsA tsthaavrsbvbhuuykhemkrii| (praznavyAkaraNa) AveM, hama bhI apanI ora se natamastaka hokara isa devI ke caraNoM meM apanI zraddhAMjali car3hAte hue usase sarvodaya ke varadAna kI yAcanA kareM: sarve bhavantu sukhinaH, sarve santu niraamyaaH| sarve bhadrANi pazyantu mA kazcitpApamAcaret // (A. haribhadrakRta dharmabinduprakaraNa, 72) jaina dharma evaM AcAra