Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ Adhunika yuga meM jaina siddhAntoM kI upayogitA DaoN0 vimala kumAra jaina bhAratavarSa meM sahasrAbdhiyoM se do saMskRtiyAM pramukha rahI haiM-vaidika saMskRti aura zramaNa saMskRti / vaidika saMskRti kA mUlAdhAra prArambha meM sRSTi vaibhava se camatkRta ho Izvara ke prati sAzcarya prakRtiparaka rhaa| ata: karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA rhii| tadanantara ekAntavAsI AraNyaka RSiyoM ne cintana ko mahattva dekara jJAna kA vaibhava vyakta kiyA aura kAlAntara meM ina donoM ne janamAnasa ko bhakti kI ora prerita kiyaa| punaH virodha ko sAmaMjasya meM badalane ke lie inakA samanvaya huaa| yaha prakriyA veda, AraNyaka upaniSad, darzana zAstra evaM purANoM kA avalokana kara sahaja samajha meM A jAtI hai| isase bhinna zramaNa saMskRti prArambha se hI nivRtti paraka rahI, jisameM Atma guNa upayoga arthAt jJAna ko sAdhya mAnakara bhakti evaM kriyA ko sAdhana mAnA gayA / ye donoM saMskRtiyAM prArambha se hI eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| jaina nivRtti ne vaidika vicAra dhArA ko aura vaidika bhakti ne jaina cintana ko prabhAvita kiyA / jaina dharma zAzvata siddhAntoM para AdhRta hai ataH eka sanAtana vicAradhArA hai| ina siddhAntoM kA sarvaprathama vivecana Adi tIrthakara zrI RSabhadeva ne kiyA thA / taduparAnta caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra se pUrva bAIsa tIrthakaroM ne apane samaya meM inakA pratipAdana kiyA, vaidika granthoM meM RSabhadeva ke atirikta ajitanAtha evaM neminAtha Adi kA ullekha bhI hai tathA RSabhadeva ko to avatAra mAnA gayA hai / anta meM una siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa Aja se lagabhaga paccIsa sau varSa pUrva bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kiyA, jo dharma zAstroM meM upalabdha hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra zramaNa saMskRti ke pramukha unnAyaka the| unake samaya meM cha: mahAtmA aura the, jo zramaNa saMskRti ke pravaktA the| pUraNa kAzyapa, makkhali gozAla, ajita keza kambala, prakudhakAtyAyana, saMjaya velaTiThaputra aura gautama buddha / parantu inameM se Aja kevala bhagavAn buddha kI vANI hI granthoM meM saMgrahIta hai aura vizva ke aneka dezoM meM pracArita hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jina siddhAntoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA thA, ve kisI varga vizeSa se sambaddha na hokara sArvabhaumika evaM sArvakAlika the ata: kUpamaNDUkatA kI paridhi se pare 'janahitAya' the| yahI kAraNa hai ki ve jitane usa samaya upayogI the, Aja bhI haiM aura bhaviSya meM bhI sadA rheNge| ___mahAvIra kI samakAlIna paristhitiyAM sAmAjika, Arthika aura rAjanaitika dRSTi se bar3I viSamatApUrNa thiiN| samAja meM brAhmaNoM kI pramukhatA thI, rAjanIti, samAja evaM zikSA Adi ke saMcAlaka ve hI the| zAsaka kSatriya avazya the parantu mantrI, rAjaguru, rAjavaidya aura rAjajyotiSi padoM para ve hI AsIna the| yadyapi ve vidvAn hote the, unameM tyAga bhI thA kintu UMca-nIca ke bhedabhAva meM unakA bahuta hAtha thaa| zAsaka unhIM ke saMketa para calate the| unhIM ke kAraNa karmakANDa kA atyadhika pracAra thA ataH yajJa prAya: huA karate the, jinameM pazu bali to sAdhAraNa thI hI, narabaliyAM bhI dI jAtI thiiN| madhyama aura nimna varga Arthika viSamatA se ghuTa rahA thA tathA strI samAja aneka adhikAroM se vaMcita thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ina bhayaMkara paristhitiyoM meM mUka pazuoM aura nissahAya logoM kI Aha sunI, Arthika viSamatA ke bhAra se dabe madhyama evaM nimna varga kI duravasthA ko dekhA tathA striyoM kI dayanIya sthiti para dRSTipAta kiyA to unakI AtmA karAha uThI aura ve krAntidUta ke rUpa meM samAja ke samakSa Aye tathA unhoMne sahaastitva kA upadeza diyaa| sabala hAthoM ko ina burAiyoM kA unnAyaka mAnakara unhoMne AdhyAtmika krAnti dvArA hI inheM dUra karane kA nirNaya liyA aura ve tyAgI tapasvI tathA jJAnI banakara isa kArya meM agrasara hue| mahAtmA buddha ne bhI isI mArga ko apanAyA parantu kAlAntara meM apanI bhinna sAraNI dvArA unhoMne isa lakSya ke sampAdana meM prayatna kiyaa| yahAM jaina dharma ke una upayogI siddhAntoM para prakAza DAlanA Avazyaka hai jinakA tAtkAlika paristhitiyoM ko dekhakara janahita ke lie bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pratipAdana kiyA thA aura jo usa samaya kI bhAMti Aja bhI utane hI upayogI haiM / janahita ke lie sarvaprathama 70 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana granya
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ Avazyaka hai hanana pravRtti kA parityAga aura isake lie anivArya hai satya, santoSa, saMyama aura tyAga kA grahaNa tathA dRSTikoNa meM udaartaa| ye hI haiM sudRr3ha samAja ke lie rAmavANa auSadhiyAM, jinake binA vizva kI koI praNAlI na svastha ho sakatI hai aura na puSTa / isIlie unhoMne pAMca vratoM kA suvistRta vivecana kiyA tathA dRSTi kI vyApakatA para bala diyaa| ye pAMca vrata haiM ahiMsA, satya, asteya (acaurya), brahmacarya aura aparigraha / dRSTi kI vyApakatA yA udAratA ko unhoMne anekAnta yA syAdvAda saMjJA dI / ahiMsA paramo dharmaH ahiMsA ko parama dharma isalie kahA gayA kyoMki zeSa usake AcaraNa para svayaM anugamana karate haiN| ahiMsaka kI dRSTi bhI udAra ho jAtI hai / isIlie ahiMsA jaina darzana kA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai| ahiMsA : samatAH evaM vizva zAnti : ahiMsA kI dhurI samatAtattva para ghUmatI hai / AcArya zrI kundakunda ne ahiMsA kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai kulajoNijIvamaggaNa-ThANAI sujANaUNajIvANaM / tayesArambhaNiyattaNa-pariNAmoM hoi paDhamavadaM // arthAt kula, yoni aura mArgaNA Adi dvArA jIvoM ke sthAnoM ko jAnakara bhedabhAva ke binA unameM Arambha vRtti se haTanA ahiMsA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki samasta prANiyoM meM samabhAva ahiMsA kA AdhAra hai| zramaNoM ke lie jahAM hiMsA kA pUrNata: varjana hai, vahAM sAmAjika ke lie loka vyavahAra ke pAlanArtha kucha maryAdAyeM haiM / vaha sAparAdha ko daNDa de sakatA hai| usake lie sthUla rUpa meM ahiMsA kA pAlana AcArya umAsvAmI ke zabdoM meM isa prakAra ho sakatA hai : maitrIpramoda kArUNyamAdhyasthayAni ca satvaguNAdhika kilzyamAnA 'vinayeSu / arthAt sajjanoM ke prati maitrI, guNI janoM ke prati pramoda bhAva kilaSTa prANiyoM ke prati kArUNya aura virodhavRtti vAloM ke prati mAdhyasthabhAva (udAsInatA) rkhnaa| saMsAra ke samasta viplavoM kA mUla rAgadveSa hai / iSTa ke prati rAga aura aniSTa ke prati dveSa krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, IrSyA evaM mAtsarya Adi durbhAvanAoM ko prANiyoM meM jAgRta karate haiM aura ye vicAra hiMsA ke liye preraNA dete haiN| inhIM ke vazIbhUta hokara vyakti svArtha se andhA ho jAtA hai aura vaha anya vyaktiyoM ke prati ahita kI bAta socatA hai, apazabda kahatA hai, pratizodhavaza chedana-bhedana evaM maraNa-mAraNa karatA hai, asatya bolatA hai, caurya karma karatA hai, balAtkAra tathA ghAta taka kara DAlatA hai aura dhana dhAnya-kSetrAdi kA adhikAdhika saMgraha kara dUsare ko unake adhikAra se vaMcita karanA cAhatA hai| inake pariNAma svarUpa hI vaha bhayaMkara lUTamAra, agnikANDa aura yuddhoM kA kAraNa banatA hai| isa prakAra vaha vizva ke lie eka mahAna saMkaTa kA kAraNa hotA hai / ataH vizva zAnti ke lie ahiMsA anivArya hai| mahAbhArata meM to isIlie ahiMsA ko parama dharma, parama tapa aura parama satya hI nahIM, dharma kA pravartaka bhI mAnA hai ahiMsA paramo dharmaH. ahiMsA paramaM tpH| ahiMsA paramaM satyaM, tato dharma pravartate // yaha vizvavidita eka tathya hai ki sarva prathama bhagavAna mahAvIra ne hI ahiMsA kA vizada vivecana kiyA aura usakA vyApaka prabhAva vizva ke samasta dharma, darzana evaM sAhityoM para pdd'aa| mahAtmA buddha svayaM prArambha meM jaina dIkSA lekara tyAgI bane the aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakAlika evaM samakSetrIya hokara unake dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA evaM mokSa mArga se prabhAvita hue the| unhoMne majjhima nikAya meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke isa mArga kI prazaMsA bhI kI hai| mahAbhAratAdi vedAnuyAyI granthoM meM bhI ahiMsA kA prarUpaNa jaina ahiMsA ke prabhAva kA hI pariNAma hai| kyoMki unase pUrva vaidika dharma meM yajJAdi anuSThAnoM meM hiMsA mAnya thii| Age calakara IsAI aura muslima dharma bhI isa prabhAva se achUte nahIM rahe / bAibala meM to yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki yadi koI vyakti tumhAre gAla para thappar3a mAre to dUsarA gAla aura kara do| kurAna meM bhI sthAna sthAna para rahama kA guNagAna hai, allAha sabase bar3A rahima hai| inake atirikta vizva ke bar3e-bar3e dArzanika sAhityakAra evaM netA bhI isase prabhAvita hue binA na rahe / sarvazrI TAlasTAya, rommo rolAM evaM mahAtmA gAMdhI Adi isake jvalanta udAharaNa haiM / mahAtmA gAMdhI ne to ahiMsAtmaka satyAgraha se hI vizva kI mahAn zakti aMgrejI sattA ko bhArata se nikala jAne ke lie vivaza kara diyA / ___ahiMsaka vyakti asatya kA AcaraNa nahIM kara sakatA, dUsaroM ke padArtha aura adhikAroM ko nahIM chIna sakatA, vAsanAvaza anAcAra kI pravRtti se rukegA ora adhika parigraha ke lie vidhi-viruddha kArya na karegA varan udAra ho samAja evaM rASTra kI sahAyatA kregaa| isa jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha 71
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ prakAra ahiMsaka ke AcAra meM satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha kI bhAvanA svayaM A jAtI hai| isIlie ahiMsA ko parama dharma kahA hai tathA vizva zAnti kA pramukha kAraNa mAnA hai| aparigrahaH sarvodaya evaM samAjavAda : pAMca vratoM meM janahita ke lie aparigraha kA bar3A mahattva hai| yoM to ahiMsA kA pAlana karane vAlA aparigraha kA pAlana nyUnAdhika rUpa meM karegA hI to bhI samAja se viSamatA dUra karane ke lie jIvana meM isakA AcaraNa atyAvazyaka hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya se jaina dharma ko nigrantha dharma bhI kahA gayA hai| grantha yA granthi se tAtparya parigraha se hai| ataH parigrahatyAga kI mahimA hone se ise nigrantha saMjJA dI gii| parigraha ko mUrchA bhI kahate haiM kyoMki grahaNa meM Asakti hotI hai aura vahI pragAr3ha hokara mUrchA kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai| mAnava parigraha vaza nijAtmabhAva ko bhUla jAtA hai aura parabhAva meM lIna ho jAtA hai ataH vaha svArthavaza jana, samAja evaM rASTrahita kI cintA nahIM karatA varan azAnti ke kAraNa juTAtA rahatA hai| saMgraha kI bhAvanA vaza vyakti jhUTha bolatA hai, corI karatA hai, kama tolatA hai-nApatA hai, chalakapaTa karatA hai, dhokhA detA hai, SaDyantra racatA hai, hatyAyeM karatA aura yahAM taka ki vaha bhISaNa yuddha bhI karatA hai| ata: yadi samAja se ina doSoM ko dUra karanA hai aura viSamatA haTAkara samatA lAnI hai to parigraha kI bhAvanA ko saMyata karanA Avazyaka hai, ise maryAdita karanA hogaa| jaina darzana ke anusAra vyakti ko apanI AvazyakatA se adhika dravya, dhana-dhAnya aura bhUmi Adi ko samAja evaM rASTra ko sauMpanA hogaa| isI kA nAma samAjavAda hai aura isI meM sarvodaya nihita hai| sAmyavAda ke mahAn vyAkhyAtA kArla mArksa ne sAmyavAda kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai ki mAnava samAja meM nirdhanatA eka abhizApa hai| jaba taka samAja meM viSamatA rahegI, zAMti nahIM hogI aura jaba taka sampatti evaM sukha-sAdhanoM kA kucha logoM ke hAthoM meM ekAdhikAra hai taba taka viSamatA rahegI ataH vizva zAnti evaM sukha samRddhi ke lie yaha ekAdhikAra samApta honA cAhie yahI to aparigraha hai| parantu Aja ke sAmyavAda meM varga-bhAvanA ghRNA evaM hiMsA kA prAbalya hai ata: aparigraha sarvodayI samAjavAda ke adhika samIpa hai| isa sarvodayI samAjavAda kA bar3A hI vizada vivecana aparigraha ke rUpa meM jaina dharma meM huA hai| yaha aparigraha niyama Abhyantara aura bAhya rUpa se do prakAra kA hai / Abhyantara to AtmabhAvoM meM tyAga se sambandha rakhatA hai| aura isI ke pariNAma svarUpa bAhya parigraha kA tyAga hotA hai| Aja ke sandarbha meM bAhya parigraha ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| bAhya parigraha dasa prakAra kI hotI haiM bAhira saMgA kheta batthaM dhaNadhaNNakuppabhaMDANi / dupaya-cauppaya-jANANi ceva sayaNAsaNe ya tahA // arthAta, kSetra-bhUmi, parvata Adi, vAstu-gRha, dukAna Adi, dhana-rupayA, sonA, cAMdI, ratna Adi dhAnya-gehUM, canA Adi, kUppasabhI prakAra ke vastra, bhANDa-sabhI prakAra ke bartana, yAna-sabhI prakAra ke vAhana, zayanAsana-sone aura baiThane ke sabhI upakaraNa, dvipada.... sabhI putrAdi tathA dAsa-dAsI Adi aura catuSpada-hAthI-ghor3A, gAya-bhaisa Adi pazu / ina sabhI parigrahoM ko maryAdita karanA aura zeSa ko samAja hita meM tyAganA hI aparigraha hai| isase jAnA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma meM kitanI gambhIratA se sAmAjika viSamatA ko dUra karane ke lie aparigraha kA vivecana huaa| itanI vistRta vyAkhyA Aja ke samAjavAdI arthazAstrI bhI nahIM kara pAye haiN| aura vizeSatA yaha rahI ki loga isakA AcaraNa kareM ataH aparigraha ko dharma kA aMga mAnA gayA aura hai bhI aisA hI kyoMki AtmasvabhAva yA kartavya kA nAma hI dharma hai| syAdvAda yA anekAnta : udAra dRSTikoNa : saMsAra meM haTha yA durAgraha prAyaH saMgharSa kA kAraNa ho jAtA hai| kyoMki isameM ahaMkAra aura parahInatA kA bhAva nihita rahatA hai| isIlie varga, samudAya evaM dharmoM meM bhedabhAva kA viSabIja aMkurita hotA hai aura vahI samAja ke vinAza kA kAraNa banatA hai| itihAsa meM vaidika-bauddha, IsAI-muslima, hindU-muslima evaM zaiva-vaiSNava Adi ke saMgharSa isake pramANa haiM / isake viparIta samAja meM sarvAMgINa sAmaMjasya ke lie vizva ko bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sabase bar3I dena hai syAdvAda yA anekAnta siddhaant| unhoMne kahA ki padArthoM ko aneka dRSTikoNoM se dekho, vastu ko eka hI rUpa meM na dekhakara use vividha rUpoM se nihAro, jaise-- gAya pazu bhI hai, prANI bhI hai, catuSpada bhI hai| manuSya prANI bhI hai, pitA bhI hai, putra bhI hai, cAcA bhI hai, bhatIjA bhI hai, prophesara bhI hai aura vakIla bhI hai ityAdi / eka vyakti ne kahA ki yaha vastu aisI hai, mahAvIra ne kahA syAt aisI bhI hai aura syAt aisI bhii| isalie unhoMne naya aura saptabhaMgiyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| AtmA nizcaya naya se zuddha caitanya rUpa hai parantu vyavahAra se vaha prANI hai, mAnava hai, gAya hai aura cIMTI bhI hai| yaha sApekSa siddhAnta hai arthAt pratyeka padArtha ke rUpa kA vivecana 72 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
Page #4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ usakI vibhinna paryAya evaM anya padArthoM kI apekSA se hotA hai| AiMsTIna kA sApekSavAda isI siddhAnta se prabhAvita hai| isa siddhAnta kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki jaba vibhinna darzana eka-dUsare kA khaNDana karate haiM jaina darzana isa siddhAnta ke dvArA yaha kahakara sAmaMjasya lA detA hai ki yaha bhI satya hai aura yaha bhii| kevala AvazyakatA hai dRSTikoNa badalane kI aura dUsare ko samajhane kii| isa prakAra isa siddhAnta ne sahiSNutA, udAratA, sauhArda, prema ko janma diyA aura raktapipAsA ko zAnta kiyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina samAja sadA aura sarvatra saMgharSa aura virodha se bacI rahI / isI siddhAnta se unhoMne jJAna, bhakti aura karma kA samanvaya bhI kiyaa| AcArya kundakunda ne paMcAstikAya meM likhA hai : na viyappadi NANAdo NANI NANANi hoMti NegANi / tammAdu vissarUvaM bhaNiyaM daviyaM ti NANIhi // arthAt AtmA apane guNa jJAna se bhinna nahIM hai aura kyoMki jJAna aneka haiM ataH padArtha ke rUpa bhI jJAniyoM ne aneka kahe haiN| vAstava meM yaha siddhAnta vivAda, kalaha evaM saMgharSa ke samaya use zAnta karane ke lie agni para jala kA kArya karatA hai| vizva ke sabhI vidvAnoM ne isakI bhUri-bhUri prazaMsA kI hai / jaina dharma ke prasiddha siddha-NamokAra mantra meM Namo loe savvasAhaNaM' kahakara loka meM vidyamAna sabhI sAdhuoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| kevala jaina sAdhu ko hI nahIM varan bhAva se pratyeka sAdhu ko namaskAra hai, cAhe vaha koI bhI ho| katipaya krAMtikArI kadama : ina dArzanika siddhAMtoM ke atirikta bhagavAn mahAvIra ne samAja meM vaiSamya aura virodha dUra karane ke lie kucha krAntikArI aura bAteM bhI kahIM, jaise-samAja meM koI UMca-nIca nahIM hai tathA sabhI varga samAja kA eka sammAnanIya aMga hai| usa samaya varNa vyavasthA bar3I kaThoratA se pracalita thI tathA tathAkathita nimna varga ke logoM ke sAtha bar3A durvyahAra hotA thA aura strI varga ko hIna bhAvanA se dekhA jAtA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne isake viruddha AvAja uThAI aura brAhmaNAdi varNa-bheda ko janma se na mAnakara karma se mAnA : kammuNA hoi bammaNo, vammuNA hoi khattiyo ityaadi| AcArya amitagati ne spaSTa kahA hai ki AcAra-bheda se hI jAti-bheda kI kalpanA huI hai, brAhmaNAdi jAti koI niyata aura vAstavika nahIM hai AcAramAtrabhedena jAtInAM bhedakalpanam / na jAti brAhmaNAdyasti niyatA kvApi taattvikii| unhoMne zIlavanto gatAH svarga nIcajAtibhavA api--kahakara nIcakulotpanna vyaktiyoM ko zuddhAcaraNa ke pAlana se svarga kI prApti taka batalAI hai| zrI devasenAcArya ne to yahAM taka kahA ki jo bhI vyakti, cAhe vaha brAhmaNa ho yA aura koI anya, isa jaina dharma kA pAlana karatA hai vahI zreSTha zrAvaka hai kyoMki zrAvaka ke sira para koI aisI maNi to lagI nahIM hotI jo use zrAvaka janAtI ho : eha dhammu jo Ayarai, daMbhaNu suhavi koi| so sAbahu ki sAvayaI aNNa ki sirimaNi hoi / / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA ki pratyeka bhavya AtmA paramAtmA bana sakatI hai cAhe vaha kisI jAti yA varga se sambandha rakhatI ho| jAti kula, varga, deza evaM kAlAdi se pare pratyeka sadvyakti ko mukti kA adhikAra hai, vaha svayaM Izvara ho sakatA hai--yaha unakI eka bar3I stutya dena hai| zrI kundakundAcArya ne samayasAra meM 'Na hu hodimokavamaggo liMga' kahakara zramaNa aura zrAvakoM ke lie liMga (veSa) kA koI mahattva nahIM btlaayaa| unhoMne samyagdarzana, jJAna evaM cAritra ko hI mahattva diyA, sAdhaka cAhe koI ho| isa prakAra jahAM unhoMne samAja se UMca-nIca ke bhedabhAva ko miTAyA vahAM nArI samAja ke utthAna para bhI bala diyaa| mahAsatI candanabAlA kA vRtta isakA udAharaNa hai| jinake udghArArtha bhagavAn svayaM unake ghara padhAre the| ina siddhAntoM evaM sudhAra kI bAtoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra mahAn tattvadarzI the jinhoMne sabhI kAloM evaM kSetroM meM vizvahita kI bhAvanA se inakA pratipAdana kiyaa| samAja kI sudRr3ha nIva yadi ina para rakhI jAya jaisA ki pahale darzAyA jA cukA hai to vaha patana kI ora nahIM jA sakatI, na unameM vigraha kI dImaka laga sakatI hai aura na saMgharSa ke vividha kAraNoM kI TAMkI DhahA sakatI hai| ataeva yaha vizvAsa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma ke ye siddhAnta jitane usa samaya upayogI the, Aja bhI haiM aura sadA raheMge kyoMki Adhunika yuga mahAn saMgharSa, bhraSTAcAra evaM UMcanIca ke bhAvoM se grasita hai| jaina tattva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha 73