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________________ ..... ............. -.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. AcArya rAmacandra-guNacandra evaM unakA nATyadarpaNa 0 DaoN0 kamalezakumAra jaina, jaina vizvabhAratI, lADanU saMskRta sAhitya meM lAkSaNika sAhitya kA vizeSa mahattva hai| alaMkAra-zAstra usakA pramukha aMga hai| alaMkArazAstra ke praNetAoM meM jinakA pramukha rUpa se nAma liyA jAtA hai, unameM bhArata, bhAmaha, daNDI, vAmana, Anandavardhana, mammaTa, hemacandra, vizvanAtha aura paNDitarAja jagannAtha vizeSa haiM / ina AcAryoM meM hemacandra jaina-AcArya haiM, jinhoMne apanI bahumukhI pratibhA evaM sAhitya sAdhanA se na kevala dezI apitu DA0 piTarsana jaise videzI vidvAnoM ko bhI camatkRta kiyA hai| alaMkAra-zAstra para jainAcAryoM dvArA prAkRta bhASA meM nibaddha sarvaprathama racanA 'alaMkAra dappaNa' hai, jinakA kAla zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ne 8vIM se 11vIM zatAbdI mAnA hai| yadyapi isase pUrva nATyazAstra ke Adya praNetA bharatamuni ke samakAlIna AryarakSita (IsA kI prathama zatI) ne 'anuyoga-dvArasUtra' meM nau rasoM kA vivecana kiyA hai tathApi sAmAnya vivecana hone se inheM vizuddha AlaMkArika-paramparA se nahIM jor3A jA sakatA hai| tadanantara vAgbhaTa prathama (IsA kI 12vIM zatI kA pUrvArddha) ne vAgbhaTAlaMkAra, hemacandra (12vIM zatI) ne kAvyAnuzAsana, rAmacandra-guNacandra (12vIM zatI) ne nATyadarpaNa, narendraprabhusUri (13vIM zatI ) ne alaMkAramahodadhi, amaracandrasUri (13vIM zatI) ne kAvyakalpalatAvRtti, vinayacandrasUri (13vIM zatI) ne kAvyazikSA, vijayavarNI (13 vIM zatI) ne zRMgArArNavacandrikA, ajitasena (13vIM zatI) ne alaMkAracintAmaNi, vAgbhaTa dvitIya (14vIM zatI) ne kAvyAnuzAsana, maNDana mantrI (14vIM zatI) ne alaMkAramaNDana, bhAvadevasari (14vIM zatI) ne kAvyAlaMkArasArasaMgraha, padmasundaragaNi (16vIM kA uttarArddha) ne akabarasAhizRMgAradarpaNa aura siddhicandragaNi (17vIM zatI) ne kAvyaprakAza khaNDana kI svatantra racanA kii| inake atirikta alaMkAra zAstrIya granthoM ne aneka TIkAkAra bhI hue haiM, jinameM mahAkavi rudraTa kAvyAlaMkAra para zvetAmbara jaina vidvAn namisAdhu dvArA vi0saM0 1125 meM likhita TIkA aura vAgdevatAvatAra AcArya mammaTa-racita kAvyaprakAza para mANikyacandrasUri dvArA vi0saM0 1266 meM likhita saMketa nAmaka TIkAeM atiprasiddha haiN| prastuta lekha meM nATyadarpaNa ke praNetA AcArya rAmacandra-guNacandra kA vivecana hI abhISTa hai| rAmacandra-guNacandra kA nAma prAya: sAtha-sAtha liyA jAtA hai / ina vidvAnoM ke mAtA-pitA aura vaMza ityAdi ke viSaya meM koI ullekha nahIM milatA hai / ata: itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye donoM vidvAn satIrthya the| AcArya rAmacandra ne apane aneka granthoM meM apane ko AcArya hemacandra kA ziSya batalAyA hai| ye unake paTTadhara ziSya the| isakI puSTi prabhAvakacarita ke isa 1. (ka) zabda-pramANa-sAhitya-chandolakSmavidyAyinAm / zrI hemacandrAdAnAM prasAdAya namo namaH / / ---hindI nATyadarpaNa, vyAkhyAkAra-AcArya vizvezvara, prakA0 dillI vizvavidyAlaya, 1661, antima prazasti, padya 1. (kha) sUtradhAra-dattaH zrImadAcAryahemacandrasya ziSyeNa rAmacandreNa viracitaM nalavilAsAbhidhAnamAdya rUpakamabhinetumAdezaH / -nalavilAsa-nATaka, sampAdaka-je0ke0 goNDekara, prakA0 gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sIrIja, bar3audA, pR0 1. (ga) zrImadAcAryazrIhemacandra ziSyasya prabaMdhazatakartuM mahAkave: rAmacandrasya bhUyAMsa: prbNdhaaH| -nirbhayabhIma-vyAyoga, sampAdaka -paM0 haragovindadAsa becaradAsa, prakA0-harSacanda bhUrAbhAI, vArANasI, vI0saM0 2438, pR0 1.
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________________ karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : paMcama khaNDa kathana se bhI hotI hai ki eka bAra tatkAlIna gurjaranareza siddharAja jayasiMha ne AcArya hemacandra se pUchA ki-- Apake paTTa ke yogya guNavAna ziSya kauna haiM ?' isake uttara meM hemacandra ne rAmacandra kA nAma liyA thaa| rAmacandra apanI asAdhAraNa pratibhA evaM kavi-karma-kuzalatA ke kAraNa kavikaTAramalla kI sammAnita upAdhi se alaMkRta the / vaha upAdhi unheM siddharAja jayasiMha ne prasanna hokara pradAna kI thii| isakA ullekha ratnamandiragaNi gumphita upadezataraMgiNI meM isa prakAra milatA hai ki-eka bAra jayasiMhadeva grISma Rtu meM krIDodyAna jA rahe the, usI samaya mArga meM rAmacandra mila gaye / unhoMne rAmacandra se pUchA ki-grISma Rtu meM dina bar3e kyoM hote haiM ? isake uttara meM unhoMne (tatkAla padya racanA karake) nimna padya kahA-- deva zrIgiridurgamalla bhavatI digjaitrayAtrotsave dhIvaddhIraturaMganiSThurakhurakSuNNakSamAmaNDalAt / vAtoddhRtarajomilatsurasaritsaMjAtapaMkasthalI dUrvAcumbanacaMcurA ravihayAstenAti vRddha dinam / / - yaha sunakara siddharAja dvArA puna: "tatkAla pattananagara kA varNana karo" yaha kahe jAne para unhoMne nimna padya kI racanA kI etasyAsya purasya pauravanitAcAturyatA nijitA, manye nAtha ! sarasvatI jaDatayA nIraM vahantI sthitaa| kotistambhamiSoccadaNDarucirAmutsUtryavAhAvalI tantrIkAM gurusiddhabhUpatisarastumbI nijAM kacchapIm / tadanantara siddharAja jayasiMha ne prasanna hokara mahAkavi rAmacandra ko sabake sAmane 'kavi kaTAramalla' kI upAdhi pradAna kI thii| mahAkavi rAmacandra samasyA-pUrti karane meM bhI bahuta catura the| eka bAra vArANasI se vizvezvara kavi pattana nAmaka nagara meM Aye tathA kavi AcArya hemacandra kI sabhA meM gaye / vahA~ rAjA kumArapAla bhI vidyamAna the| vizvezvara ne kumArapAla ko AzIrvAda dete hue kahA-'pAtu vo hemagopAlaH kambalaM daNDamudvahan' yata: rAjA jaina the, ata: unheM kRSNa dvArA apanI rakSA kI bAta acchI nahIM lagI aura unhoMne krodha bharI dRSTi se dekhA / tabhI rAmacandra ne ukta zlokArdha kI pUrti ke rUpa meM 'SaDdarzana-pazugrAma cArayan jaina-gocare" yaha kahakara rAjA ko prasanna kara diyaa| 1. rAjA zrIsiddharAjenAnyadA nuyuyuje prabhuH / bhavatAM ko'sti paTTasya yogyaH ziSyo guNAdhikaH / / -prabhAvakacarita (prabhAcandrAcArya), sampAdaka-jinavijaya muni, prakA0 siMghI jaina granthamAlA, ahamadAbAda, 1940 hemacandrasUriprabaMdha, padya 126. 2. Aha zrIhemacandrasya na ko'pyevaM hi cintakaH / Adyo'pyabhUdigpAla: satpAtrAmbhodhicandramAH // sajjJAnamahimasthairya munInAM kiM na jAyate / kalpadrumasame rAjJi tvayIdRzi kRtAsthitau / / astyAmuSyAyaNo rAmacandrAkhya: kRtizekharaH / prAptarekhaH prAptarUpaH saMghe vizvakalAnidhiH // -vahI, padya 131-133. 3. draSTavya-upadezataraMgiNI (ratnamandiragaNi), prakA0 harSacandra mUrAbhAI, vArANasI, vI0ni0saM0 2437, pR0 86. 4. prabaMdhacintAmaNi (merutugAcArya), sampAdaka-jinavijaya muni, prakA0 siMghI jaina jJAnapITha, 1935, kumArapAlAdiprabaMdha, pR0 86.
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________________ AcArya rAmacandra-guNacandra evaM unakA nATyadarpaNa 561 . ........................................................................... AcArya rAmacandra kI viddhattA kA paricaya unakI svalikhita kRtiyoM meM bhI milatA hai| raghuvilAsa meM unhoMne apane ko 'vidyAtrayIcaraNam' kahA hai| isI prakAra nATyadarpaNa-vivRtti kI prArambhika prazasti meM-'travidyavedinaH' tathA antima prazasti meM vyAkaraNa, nyAya aura sAhitya kA jJAtA kahA hai| prArambha meM kahe gaye prabhAvakacarita aura upadezataraMgiNI se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki AcArya hemacandra aura siddharAja jayasiMha samakAlIna the tathA usa samaya taka rAmacandra apanI asAdhAraNa pratibhA ke kAraNa pratiSThA prApta kara cuke the| siddharAja jayasiMha ne saM0 1150 se saM0 1166 (I0 san 1063-1142) paryanta rAjya kiyA thaa| mAlavA para vijaya prApta karane ke upalakSa meM siddharAja kA svAgata samAroha I0 san 1136 (vi0 saM0 1163) meM huA thA, tabhI hemacandra kA siddharAja se prathama paricaya huA thaa| siddharAja kI mRtyu saM0 1166 meM huI thii| isa bIca rAmacandra kA paricaya siddharAja se ho cukA thA tathA prasiddhi bhI prApta kara cuke the| siddharAja jayasiMha ke uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla ne saM0 1196 se 12306 tathA usake bhI uttarAdhikArI ajayadeva ne saM0 1230 se 1233 taka gurjara bhUmi para rAjya kiyA thaa| isI jayadeva ke zAsanakAla meM rAmacandra ko rAjAjJA dvArA tapta-tAmra-paTTikA para baiThAkara mArA gayA thaa| uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai ki AcArya rAmacandra kA sAhityika kAla vi0 saM0 1163 se 1233 ke madhya rahA hogaa| ___ mahAkavi rAmacanda "prabandhazatakartA" ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM / isake sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne do prakAra ke vicAra abhivyakta kiye haiN| kucha vidvAn "prabandhazatakartA" kA artha 'prabandhazata nAmaka grantha ke kartA' aisA karate haiN| dUsare vidvAn isakA artha 'sau granthoM ke praNetA' ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| DaoN0 ke0 eca0 trivedI ne aneka tarkoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA hai ki rAmacandra sau prabandhoM ke praNetA the| yaha tarka adhika mAnya hai, kyoMki aise vilakSaNa evaM pratibhAsampanna vidvAn ke lie yaha asambhava bhI pratIta nahIM hotA hai| unhoMne apane nATyadarpaNa meM svaracita 11 rUpakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / isakI sUcanA prAyaH 'asmadupajJe ....", ityAdi padoM se dI gaI hai, jinake nAma isa prakAra haiM1. satya harizcandra nATaka, 2. nalavilAsa nATaka, 3. raghuvilAsa nATaka, 4. yAdavAbhyudaya, 1. paMcaprabandhamiSapaMcamukhAnakena, vidvanmanaH sadasi na tyati yasya kIrtiH / vidyAtrayIcaraNacumbitakAvyacandra', kastaM na veda sukRtI kila rAmacandram // -nalavilAsa-nATaka, prastAvanA, pR0 33 2. prANA: kavitvaM vidyAnAM lAvaNyamiva yoSitAm / vidyavedinopyasmai tato nityaM kRtaspRhAH / / -hindI nATyadarpaNa, prArambhika prazasti, padya 61 zabdalakSma-pramAlakSma-kAvyalakSma-kRtazramaH / vAgvilAsastrimArgo nau pravAha iva jAhnajaH // -vahI, antima prazasti, 4 3. prabandhacintAmaNi-kumArapAlAdiprabaMdha, pR0 76 4. hindI nATyadarpaNa, bhUmikA, pR0 3 5. dvAdazasvatha varSANAM, zateSu virateSu ca / ekoneSu mahInAthe siddhAdhIze divaM mate // -prabhAvakacarita-hemasUriviracita, pR0 167 6. prabaMdhacintAmaNi-kumArapAlA diprabaMdha, pR0 65 7. trivedI, ke0 eca0, dI nATyadarpaNa Ava rAmacandra eNDa guNacandra : e kriTikala sTaDI, prakA0 ela0 DI0 iMsTI TyUTa Ava inDolojI, ahamadAbAda, 1966, pR0 216-220
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________________ 562 karmayogI zrI kesarImalajI surANA abhinandana grantha : paMcama khaNDa ........................................................................... 5. rAghavAbhyudaya, 6. rohiNImRgAMka prakaraNa, 7. nirbhayabhIma vyAyoga, 8. kaumudImitrAnanda prakaraNa, 6. sudhAkalaza, 10. mallikAmakaranda prakaraNa aura 11. vacanamAlA naattikaa| kumAravihArazataka, dravyAlaMkAra aura yaduvilAsa-ye unake anya pramukha grantha haiM / etadatirikta kucha choTe-choTe stava bhI pAye jAte haiM / isa prakAra unake upalabdha granthoM kI kula saMkhyA DaoN0 ke0 eca0 trivedI ne 47 svIkAra kI hai|' guNacandra kA nAma prAyaH mahAkavi rAmacandra ke sAtha hI liyA jAtA hai| inake svatantra vyaktitva evaM kRtitva ke sambandha meM koI vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM milatI hai / ata: kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki guNacandra, rAmacandra ke samakAlIna aura AcArya hemacandra ke ziSyoM meM eka the| nATyadarpaNa-yaha nATya viSayaka prAmANika evaM maulika grantha hai / isameM mahAkavi rAmacandra-guNacandra ne aneka navIna tathyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai / AcArya bharata se lekara dhanaMjaya taka calI A rahI nATyazAstra kI akSuNNa-paramparA kA yuktipUrNa vivecana karate hue AcArya rAmacandra ne prastuta grantha meM pUrvAcArya-svIkRta nATikA ke sAtha prakaraNikA nAma kI eka navIna vidhA kA saMyojana kara dvAdaza rUpakoM kI sthApanA kI hai| isI prakAra rasa kI sukha-duHkhAtmakatA svIkAra karanA isa grantha kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai| nATyadarpaNa meM nau rasoM ke atirikta tRSNA, ArdratA, Asakti, arati aura santoSa ko sthAyIbhAva mAnakara kramazaH laulya, sneha, vyasana, duHkha aura sukharasa kI bhI saMbhAvanA kI gaI hai| isameM zAntarasa kA sthAyIbhAva zama svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prastuta grantha meM aise aneka granthoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jo adyAvadhi anupalabdha haiM / kArikA rUpa meM nibaddha kisI bhI gUr3ha viSaya ko apanI svopajJa vivRtti meM itane spaSTa aura vistAra ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai ki sAdhAraNa buddhi vAle vyakti ko bhI viSaya samajhane meM kaThinAI kA anubhava nahIM karanA par3atA hai / isalie isa grantha kI katipaya vizeSatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue AcArya baladeva upAdhyAya ne likhA hai ki-"nATya-viSayaka zAstrIya granthoM meM nATyadarpaNa kA sthAna mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha vaha zRMkhalA hai to dhanaMjaya ke sAtha vizvanAtha kavirAja ko jor3atI hai| isameM aneka viSaya bar3e mahattvapUrNa haiM tathA paramparAgata siddhAntoM se vilakSaNa haiM, jaise rasa kA sukhAtmaka hone ke atirikta duHkhAtmaka rUpa / " isake atirikta AcArya upAdhyAya ne prAcIna aura adhunAluptaprAyaH rUpakoM ke uddharaNa prastuta karane ke kAraNa isakA aitihAsika mUlya bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| ina saba vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa nATyadarpaNa anupama evaM utkRSTa koTi kA grantha hai| prastuta gantha meM do bhAga pAye jAte haiM--prathama kArikAbaddha mUla grantha aura dvitIya usake Upara likhI gaI svopajJa vivRtti / kArikAoM meM grantha kA lAkSaNika bhAga nibaddha hai tathA vivRtti meM tadviSayaka udAharaNa evaM kArikA kA spaSTIkaraNa / yaha grantha cAra vivekoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai / isake prathama viveka meM maMgalAcaraNa aura viSaya pratipAdana kI pratijJA ke pazcAt 12 rUpakoM kI sUcI ginAI 1. vahI, pa0 221-222, nalavilAsa nATaka ke sampAdaka jI0 ke0 goNDekara evaM nATyadarpaNa ke hindI vyAkhyAkAra siddhAntaziromaNi AcArya vizvezvara ne ukta granthoM kI bhUmikA meM rAmacandra ke jJAta granthoM kI kula saMkhyA 36 mAnI hai| 2. sthAyIbhAvaH zritotkarSoM vibhAvavyabhicAribhiH / __ spaSTAnubhAvanizceyaH sukha-duHkhAtmako rasaH / / -hindI nATyadarpaNa, 3, 7 3. vahI, pR0 306 4. upAdhyAya, AcArya baladeva, saMskRta zAstroM kA itihAsa, prakA0 zAradA mandira, vArANasI, 1969, pR0 235 5. vahI, pR0 235
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________________ AcArya rAmacandra-guNacandra evaM unakA nATyadarpaNa - . - . -. -. - . .................... . ..... ...... gaI hai| puna: rUpaka ke prathama bheda nATaka kA svarUpa, nAyaka ke cAra bheda, vRtta (carita) ke sUcya, prayojya, amyUhya (kalpanIya) aura upekSaNIya nAmaka cAra bheda tathA kula anya bhedoM ke sAtha kAvya meM carita nibandhana viSayaka zikSAoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / tatpazcAt aMka-svarUpa, usameM AdarzanIya tatva, viSakambha, pravezaka, aMkAsya, cUlikA aura aMkAvatAra nAmaka pA~ca arthopakSepaka, bIja, patAkA, prakarI, bindu aura kArya nAmaka pA~ca phala-hetu ; Arambha, prayatna, prAptyAzA, niyatApti aura phalAgama nAma pAMca avasthAe~ ; mukha, pratimukha, garbha, vimarza aura nirvahaNa nAmaka pA~ca sandhiyA~ evaM unake kula 65 (12+13+13+13+14=65) bhedoM kA sAMgopAMga nirUpaNa kiyA hai / dvitIya viveka meM nATaka ke atirikta prakaraNa, nATikA, prakaraNI, vyAyoga, samavakAra, bhANa, prahasana, Dima, usRSTikAMka, IhAmRga, aura vIthi nAmaka zeSa 11 rUpakoM kA lakSaNodAharaNa sahita vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| puna: vIthi ke 13 aMgoM kA bhI salakSaNodAharaNa viSaya pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya viveka meM sarvaprathama bhAratI, sAttvatI, kauzikI aura ArabhaTI nAmaka cAra vRttiyoM kA vivecana kiyA kiyA gayA hai| puna: rasa-svarUpa, usake bheda, kAvya meM rasa kA sanniveza, viruddha rasoM kA virodha aura parihAra, rasadoSa, sthAyIbhAva, 36 vyabhicArIbhAva, vepathu, stambha, romAMca, svarabheda, azru, mUrchA, sveda aura vivarNatA nAmaka ATha anubhAva tathA vAcika, AMgika, sAttvika aura AhArya nAmaka cAra abhinayoM kA vistRta vivecana kiyA gayA hai| caturtha viveka meM samasta rUpakoM ke lie upayogI kucha sAmAnya bAtoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isameM sarvaprathama nAndI-svarUpa, kavidha vA-svarUpa, usake prAvezikI, naSkAmikI, AkSepikI, prAsAdikI aura AntarI nAmaka pA~ca bhedoM kA sodAharaNa pratipAdana, puruSa aura strI pAtroM ke uttama, madhyama aura adhama bhedoM kA kathana, mukhya nAyaka kA svarUpa aura usake teja, vilAsa, zobhA, sthairya, gAmbhIrya, audArya aura lalita nAmaka ATha guNoM kA vivecana, pratinAyaka, nAyaka ke sahAyaka, nAyikA-svarUpa, nAyikA ke mugdhA, madhyA aura pragalbhA nAmaka tIna sAmAnya bheda tathA proSitapatikA aura vipralabdhA Adi prasiddha ATha bheda aura striyoM ke yauvanabalajanya hAva-bhAva Adi AMgika, vibhrama-vilAsa Adi dasa svAbhAvika tathA zobhA-kAnti Adi sAta ayatnaja ko milAkara kula bIsa alaMkAroM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| puna: nAyikAoM kA nAyaka ke sAtha sambandha, nAyikAoM kI sahAyikAe~, pAtroM dvArA bhASA prayoga ke aucitya kA vistRta vivecana, pAtroM ke lie pAtroM dvArA sambodhana meM prayukta nAmAvalI tathA pAtroM ke nAmakaraNa meM jJAtavya bAtoM Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM prathama aura dvitIya viveka meM kahe gaye 12 rUpakoM ke atirikta saTTaka, zrIgadita, dumilitA, prasthAna, goSThI, hallIsaka, zampA, prekSaNaka, rasaka, nATya-rAsaka, kAvya, bhANa aura bhANikA nAmaka 13 anya rUpakoM kA salakSaNa vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai|